İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi

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Anhedonia in Relation to Reward and Effort Learning in Young People with Depression Symptoms
(MDPI, 2023) Frey, Anna-Lena; Kaya, M. Siyabend; Adeniyi, Irina; McCabe, Ciara; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, M. Siyabend
Anhedonia, a central depression symptom, is associated with impairments in reward processing. However, it is not well understood which sub-components of reward processing (anticipation, motivation, consummation, and learning) are impaired in association with anhedonia in depression. In particular, it is unclear how learning about different rewards and the effort needed to obtain them might be associated with anhedonia and depression symptoms. Therefore, we examined learning in young people (N = 132, mean age 20, range 17–25 yrs.) with a range of depression and anhedonia symptoms using a probabilistic instrumental learning task. The task required participants to learn which options to choose to maximize their reward outcomes across three conditions (chocolate taste, puppy images, or money) and to minimize the physical effort required to obtain the rewards. Additionally, we collected questionnaire measures of anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia, as well as subjective reports of “liking”, “wanting” and “willingness to exert effort” for the rewards used in the task. We found that as anticipatory anhedonia increased, subjective liking and wanting of rewards decreased. Moreover, higher anticipatory anhedonia was significantly associated with lower reward learning accuracy, and participants demonstrated significantly higher reward learning than effort learning accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the first study observing an association of anhedonia with reward liking, wanting, and learning when reward and effort learning are measured simultaneously. Our findings suggest an impaired ability to learn from rewarding outcomes could contribute to anhedonia in young people. Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm this and reveal the specific aspects of reward learning that predict anhedonia. These aspects could then be targeted by novel anhedonia interventions.
Barriers and facilitators to university access in disadvantaged UK adolescents by ethnicity: a qualitative study
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, 2022) Kaya, Munire Sena; Keast, Kevin; Mccabe, Carla; 0000-0001-8704-3473; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, Munire Sena
Increasing access to university for those currently under-represented is a UK government priority. Understanding the views of under-represented students can help direct widening participation activities. In recent years, a positive trend finds increasing numbers of Black students attending university, but it is not clear why White disadvantaged student numbers have not increased. Thus, we aimed to explore the student viewpoint on barriers and facilitators to university access in disadvantaged adolescents and how this might differ by ethnicity. We used an online semi-structured interview with questions about applying to university. Seventy adolescents (mean 16.9 yr.) were recruited who are currently under-represented at university level, based on various measures of disadvantage. Black, Asian, and ethnic minority students (BAME) reported similar barriers and facilitators to applying to university as White disadvantaged students. However, there were some differences, for example, BAME participants stated ‘having no choice’ was a reason to apply to university while White participants did not mention this. Also ~60% of BAME students said they would prefer to study close by compared to far away, while only 46% of White participants said this. Our results support previous findings that financial issues are a key barrier to university access and that outreach activities can act as facilitators to increase university access. However, we compare the unique viewpoints on the barriers and facilitators to university access in Black, Asian and White under-represented students. Based on these views we also make recommendations for future widening participation events targeted at different ethnicities.
Beyond counting the correct responses: Metacognitive monitoring and score estimations in mathematics
(WILEY111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ, 2022) Basokcu, Tahsin Oguz; 0000-0001-5828-1237; 0000-0002-4821-0045; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Guzel, Mehmet Akif
This study investigated how well students differentiate their responses' accuracies (metacognitive monitoring) and estimate their test scores beyond counting—and counting on—the number of correct responses alone. Monitoring abilities of 2832 sixth‐graders (1410 male and 1422 female native in Turkish) at an 11‐item Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)‐equivalent mathematics test were measured via response‐contingent Type‐2 signal detection theory. The students also made score estimations right before and immediately after completing the test (pre‐ and posttest estimations, respectively). Although high‐scoring students underestimated and low‐scoring ones overestimated how they would perform in the test, high‐scorers were accurate in their posttest estimations unlike the low‐scoring group, where the lattaer retained their overestimation tendencies. Having better monitoring performance, the high‐scoring group could subsequently calibrate their posttest estimations. Additional assessment methods such as measuring monitoring and score estimations seem to have the potential to reveal how mathematics students behave before, during, and after responding.
Beyond Illegality: The Gendered (In-)Securities of Illegal Armenian Care Workers in Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi KASAUM, 2018) Teke-Lloyd, Fatma Armagan; 0000-0001-5439-439X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü; Teke-Lloyd, Fatma Armagan
In the migration literature, there has been a shift of interest from studying exclusionary policies ofstates that result in the criminalization of ‘illegal’ migrants towards more subtle forms of incorporation.In this paper, I will examine such as migration regime imposed upon illegal Armenian migrant careworkers, which is characterized by the conditional acceptance of illegality rather than by strictpunishments and deportation. Within this context, Armenian migrant care workers are caught in a legallimbo of belonging and non-belonging. The paper argues that the terms of belonging and nonbelongingare traversable normative-legal categories negotiated by everyday actors in a way that oftencrisscross gender and class hierarchies. Migrant women could become more acceptable if they complywith certain gendered expectations and norms of work while at the same time could easily becomedeportable. At the same time, this article demonstrates that this legal limbo increases the genderedvulnerabilities and labour precarity in women’s everyday lives.
Beyond Moral Foundations: In it What is in it
(Nesne, 2023) Yalçındağ , Bilge; Özkan, Türker; 0000-0001-7867-7845; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Yalçındağ, Bilge
What does morality entail? This question has been answered with a rather narrow outlook in psychological literature for years that is not harming and being fair. With the advance of research on recent decades, the understanding of morality has been quite expanded. Advances in different fields enabled a more comprehensive outlook to morality. Specifically, moral foundations theory (MFT) claimed the existence of other additional moral principles, such as loyalty, authority, and sanctity. The current research inquires lay understanding of morality with two qualitative studies. In the first study, we used MFT’s specific moral foundation definitions to understand how they are perceived by participants. In the second study, we used a more unstructured way and tried to understand how they describe morality, moral person, and immoral person. Results confirmed the pluralistic outlook for the morality, along with some suggestions for the modifications and more concise operational definitions of moral foundations. Liberty, as a late addition was supported as a moral foundation along with broader aspects. The results extend MFT outlook with individual, societal and universal level moral principles and offers new research avenues such as moral emotions, virtues, and vices.
Chasing Coffee: A New Research Agenda in Turkey
(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600, NEW YORK, NY, UNITED STATES, 2020) Dincer, Evren M.; Ozcelik, Ayse; 0000-0002-7813-0919; 0000-0002-3596-1210; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü
This article is a call for a new research agenda: a socio-economic analysis of coffee in Turkey. To contextualize the importance and relevance of this effort, it first provides a critical assessment of the literature on coffee in Turkey by focusing on its two main manifestations: historical and sociological constellations. We show how earlier critical engagement with coffee as a commodity and a research subject helped scholars revise and go beyond the existing scholarship. We then claim a similar transformative prospect exists for political-economic manifestations of coffee today. We justify our claim by suggesting six potential research areas with relevant research questions and potentially enriching outcomes.
The communication strategies of ideologically polarized civil society organizations on Twitter: the case of Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Akboğa, Sema; Arık, Engin; 0000-0003-0937-9961; 0000-0002-0981-257X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Arık, Engin
We investigated how ideologically polarized civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey use Twitter. We analyzed tweets from 20 CSOs in Turkey for a period of 7 months by using the Information-Community-Action framework. For all types of CSOs, the number of information tweets was higher than the number of action tweets, which, in turn, was higher in number than the community tweets. Religious/ conservative and anti-government CSOs posted signifcantly more tweets than secular and pro-government CSOs, respectively. Religious/conservative and pro-government CSOs posted more information and community tweets than secular and anti-government CSOs, respectively. The number of anti-government CSOs’ action tweets was higher than that of pro-government CSOs. We, therefore, propose that the ideological stance of a CSO is a factor afecting the content of its tweets in societies where CSOs are politically polarized.
Determination of Factors Affecting International Students’ Satisfaction Levels Using CHAID Analysis
(Journal of University Research, 2024) Ayten, Asım Mustafa; Göver, İbrahim Hakan; 0000-0002-4464-6204; 0000-0002-1258-0124; AGÜ, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü; Ayten, Asım Mustafa; Göver, İbrahim Hakan
Internationalization has recently been a core element for higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide. Various components provide internationalization in HEIs. However, international students stand out from the others due to providing numerous benefits to host countries. Therefore, HEIs around the world seek to increase the number of international students and their satisfaction levels. This study, inspired from the importance of international students, seeks to determine the factors affecting the satisfaction levels of international students who study at a Turkish state university. To this end, an on-line survey consisting of 25 questions were administered to a total of 330 international students studying at Middle East Technical University (METU). Survey data were evaluated using the CHAID (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) analysis. The findings of the analysis indicated that the international students’ implications, study degree and gender played a major role in their satisfaction levels. Considering these influential factors determined by the CHAID analysis will contribute to the internationalization strategies which is developed to attract more international students to HEIs.
Differences in the Self: Clinical Individuals Have Less Individuation and Promotion, but More Prevention
(HOGREFE AG-HOGREFE AG SUISSE, 2023) Yalcindag, Bilge; 0000-0001-7867-7845; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Yalcindag, Bilge
This research aimed to compare two samples (clinical and university) in terms of basic self-orientations and self-regulation strategies. We expected lower scores on basic self-orientations and promotion, and higher scores on prevention in the clinical sample. The balanced model of self claims that the flourishing of basic self-orientations (individuation and relatedness) is related to better psychological functioning. However, this claim was never tested in a clinical sample. Additionally, the regulatory focus theory, a theory of self-regulation, claims that to reach desired end states, individuals use two systems: promotion (advancement, accomplishment) and prevention (conservation, security). Individuals with psychopathology symptoms may use promotion less and prevention more. The clinical sample consisted of 91 people (55 females, 36 males) who were under a psychological/psychiatric treatment due to various mental health complaints (Mage=29.3, SD=5.95, Range=18-42). Most of them had at least university degrees (69%). The second sample consisted of 94 university students (63 females, 30 males; Mage=23.9, SD=2.22, Range=22-34). The first MANCOVA, comparing clinical vs. university samples on individuation and relatedness controlling for age and gender, revealed a group effect (F(2,171)=4.751, p=.01, Wilks’ Lambda=0.95, partial η2=.53). Individuation was lower in clinical sample (M=4.90) than university sample (M=5.29). The second MANCOVA showed a group effect on the promotion and prevention (F(2,171)=13.574, p=.000, Wilks’ Lambda=0.86, partial η2=0.14). Promotion was lower in clinical sample (M=19.74) than in university sample (M=22.37), however prevention was higher (M=17.52) than university sample (M=15.56). The psychological symptoms varied in clinical sample, and were not assessed in university sample. Individuals in clinical sample were less likely to have an individuated self, to regulate themselves with promotion, but more likely to regulate themselves with prevention. Researchers and clinicians should work on thwarted self-orientations and dysfunctional self-regulation strategies.
Does Islamic inclusion of Syrians represent a real challenge to Europe's security approach?: Dilemmas of the AKP's Syrian refugee discourse
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND, 2020) Balkilic, Ozgur; Teke Lloyd, Fatma Armagan; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü
Drawing upon the critical geopolitics literature and discourse analysis, this article will explain how the ruling AKP in Turkey fashioned an alternative, Islamically infused migration discourse in response to the Syrian refugee crisis and how it depicted this as counter-hegemonic to the dominant depictions of East and West embedded within Europe's existing securitization discourse. According to the AKP's geopolitical discourse, the differing attitudes evinced in Europe and Turkey toward the Syrian migrants can be explained by civilizational values deriving from the history and religious composition of the respective regions, as between the Orient and the Occident. However, this article examines to what extent this self-promoted discourse of Islamic inclusion has succeeded in engendering a more progressive settlement and integration regime. It argues that it has actually fostered its own system of 'Othering' and has led to the development of selective admission and exclusionary practices similar to those in Europe.
Editors' Introduction
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press) Yükseker, Deniz; Kolluoǧlu, Biray; Dinçer, Evren Mehmet; 0000-0002-7813-0919; AGÜ; Dinçer, Evren Mehmet
Since before the publication of New Perspectives on Turkey’s spring 2023 issue, politics has been at the top of the agenda of public discussions in Turkey. The reason was the general elections for the presidency and the parliament on May 14; in the run-off on May 28, Recep Tayyip Erdogan was re-elected for a third, five-year term and the party ˘ he leads, the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi; AKP), maintained its majority in the parliament in an alliance with the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi; MHP) and smaller extremist parties. To what extent and how quickly the election results will lead to a further descent into full authoritarianism – already well documented in the pages of previous NPT issues – is something that social scientists are likely to continue to observe. Domestic politics therefore will continue to be an important theme for social science research on Turkey from diverse disciplines and methodologies
Effects of COVID-19 on Adolescent Mental Health and Internet Use by Ethnicity and Gender: A Mixed-Method Study
(MDPIST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2022) Kaya, M. Siyabend; McCabe, Ciara; 0000-0001-8704-3473; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, M. Siyabend
Evidence suggests that mental health problems in young people have been exacerbated by COVID-19, possibly related to a lack of social connection. Young people report using the internet for connecting with their peers and mental health support. However, how they may have used the internet for support during COVID-19 is not clear. We wanted to know how mood and internet use may have changed in young people during COVID-19 and if this was different for those with and without depression symptoms. 108 adolescents were recruited. Participants with high and low levels of depressive symptomatology answered questions about their mood, internet use, loneliness and life satisfaction during July and August 2020. We found that the high depression group reported significantly more loneliness and less life satisfaction than the low depression group. We found that most young people used the internet for mental health information during COVID-19 but that the high depression group used the internet more for mental health information than the low depression group. The high depression group also had a worsening of mood compared to the low depression group during COVID-19. We found that Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic participants reported increased use of the internet compared to White participants during COVID-19 and that the role of the family facilitated coping during COVID-19 for some adolescents, but for others, it made the lockdown more difficult. Finally, we found that adolescents perceived school anxiety as stressful as COVID-19. To conclude this study supports the use of the internet as a way to help young people with mental health challenges. It also suggests that the internet is a way to help young people from ethnic minorities, who otherwise might be hard to reach, during challenging times. This study also shows that supportive family units can be important during times of stress for young people and that school anxiety is a major issue for young people in today’s society even outside of the pandemic.
FEMINIST ETHICS OF CARE AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR SOME NORMATIVE QUESTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
(Işıl BAYAR BRAVO/Hamdi BRAVO, 2018) Teke-Lloyd, Fatma Armagan; 0000-0001-5439-439X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü; Teke-Lloyd, Fatma Armagan
This article reviews some of the contributions that the feminist ethics of care framework has made to the study of ethics. Although ethics of care framework has raised a successful critique of the masculunist bias inhering within the prominent Western moral theories, some feminist scholars have maintained a critical attitude towards care ethics because of its tendency to essentialize emotions of feminine caring. In reviewing these different feminist approaches to the study of ethics, the article argues that in thinking about the questions of war and justice in international realm, both care ethicists and its critique could be utilized for a more fruitful understanding of the ethical dimensions of our actions.
Gender and sexuality in the authoritarian discursive strategies of 'New Turkey'
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND, 2017) Cindoglu, Dilek; Unal, Didem; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
In the last decade, discourse on sexuality has proliferated more than ever in the political realm in Turkey. The discursive utilization of women's bodies and sexualities has appeared as the main tool to consolidate a conservative gender regime and the heterosexual family with children is promoted as the basic unit to reinforce hegemonic moral values and norms. This article aims to disentangle the intricate patchwork in the Justice and Development Party's (JDP) gender politics, which is geared towards ensuring pervasive control of women's bodies and sexualities. Within this framework, this article investigates the proliferation of the discourse on women's bodies and sexualities in Turkish politics by delving into the constitutive factors of the JDP's hegemonic gender politics and examining the narrative lines in recent public debates on women's sexualities.
Gender in Political Sex Scandals in Contemporary Turkey: Women's Agency and the Public Sphere
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2015) Cindoglu, Dilek; Unal, Didem; 0000-0002-2741-9181; AGÜ; Cindoglu, Dilek
Sex scandals in politics lead to intense public debates about fundamental issues, such as morality, publicity, and privacy, rendering gender inequalities more visible than ever. This article aims to reveal the complex gendered dynamics of the political culture by looking at sex scandals in contemporary Turkey. The ways in which these scandals have been narrated, negotiated, and resolved among the public and political actors provide grounds for analysis about the nature of patriarchal dynamics regarding women's agency and public credibility communicated through their sexuality in contemporary Turkey.
A gendered analysis of Palestinian refugee women's experiences of migration from Syria to Türkiye
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2024) Kurtoglu, Ayca; Llyod, Armagan Teke; Salimoglu, Zafer; 0000-0002-4827-3556; 0000-0001-5439-439X; /0000-0003-4623-7786; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü; Llyod, Armagan Teke
After the outbreak of the conflict in 2011, millions of people fled Syria across its borders. This gave way to a new category of people, "Syrian refugees." While this categorical understanding constitutes the basis for legal entitlements, it homogenizes all fleeing Syria and results in concealing the differential experiences and vulnerabilities of particular groups. The paper challenges this blanket categorization by focusing on the migration experiences of Palestinian women from Syria to Turkiye around the concepts of biological and social reproduction which represent the largely neglected aspects concerning the process of forced migration. By drawing on six women's experiences, the paper concludes that the homogeneity of the Syrian migrants is an illusion; women's migrations are shaped through their gendered and ethnic history; and women face gender-specific challenges and opportunities in both home and host countries. We particularly argue that policies on border control and migrant's integration fail to consider the subjective conditions and needs of particular groups within the Syrian migrants.
Intersectional power dynamics and extended households: Elderly and widowed women's international migration from Armenia
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND, 2019) Lloyd, Fatma Armagan Teke; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü
Drawing upon interviews and fieldwork conducted in Armenia and Turkey with 25 Armenian migrant women and their non-accompanying family members, the present article examines how gendered norms intersecting with age, marital and motherhood statuses have structured the migration decision-making process as it occurs at the household level. These migrant women were mostly elderly, widowed and from extended households, where male income support to the family was either insufficient or wholly absent for a variety of reasons. Building on the Household Survival Strategies (HSS) approach, this article examines the dynamism and complex kinship norms in extended-households and how these have led some women to assume the role of migrant labourers in a patriarchal context that would ordinarily deny them mobility. While empirically this study sheds light on women's migration from an understudied geography, it also deepens our understanding of the interplay between patriarchy, intersectionality and women's agency outside of the traditional nuclear household.
Knowledge about others' knowledge: how accurately do teachers estimate their students' test scores?
(SPRINGER, 2023) Guzel, Mehmet Akif; Basokcu, Tahsin Oguz; 0000-0001-5828-1237; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Guzel, Mehmet Akif
Besides learners' awareness of their knowledge, a growing number of studies also emphasise the importance of teachers' awareness of how well their students perform to adjust their teaching strategies accordingly. Therefore, proposing a multi-layered metacognitive regulatory model in teaching first, we investigated whether estimation type, item difficulty, and class performance affect teachers' judgment accuracies ([JAs], i.e., score estimations). Teachers (N=38) of 86 classes made item-by-item and overall estimations of their classes' test scores (N=2608 sixth-graders native in Turkish) at a PISA-equivalent mathematics test that was developed in the earliest phase of the current long-term research project. The results showed that teachers' item-by-item estimations were below their classes' actual performance, unlike their overall estimations. Teachers of low-performance classes were less accurate than those of high-performance classes. These teachers also showed the clearest underestimation for the easy questions, whereas teachers of high-performance classes overestimated their classes' scores for the difficult questions. This dissociation implied that the teachers 'must have' primarily used their perceptions about their classes (e.g., classes' existing performance) as a mnemonic judgment cue rather than item difficulty as an external cue when making their score estimations. The implications of the results were discussed in the light of existing literature and suggestions for prospective research were given.
A Long-Term View of Refugee Flows from Ukraine: War, Insecurities, and Migration
(TRANSNATIONAL PRESS LONDON12 RIDGEWAY GARDENS, LONDON N6 5XR, ENGLAND, 2022) Teke Lloyd, Armagan; Sirkeci, Ibrahim; 0000-0001-5439-439X; 0000-0002-2334-7424; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü; Teke Lloyd, Armağan
This article examines the exodus of migrants from Ukraine in the context of the Russian invasion, making use of the conflict model of migration. We argue that Ukraine has long been characterized by insecurities which have already fueled large waves of emigration from the country. Indeed, the most recent phase of Ukrainian emigration should be seen as a continuation of the ongoing tendency of people residing in the country to seek escape from the overarching conditions of insecurity there. Earlier migrations from Ukraine have also established a culture of migration which has mediated the outflow of Ukrainians during the current crisis. Ukrainians who had already harboured inclinations to leave the country and who were possessed of the necessary capabilities (i.e. social capital, financial capital, human capital and physical ability) became mobile at the onset of the invasion in February, while many others were left behind. At the same time, the welcoming attitude of many European states has been key to the fast and safe exodus of Ukrainian migrants thus far.
Metacognitive Monitoring and Mathematical Abilities: Cognitive Diagnostic Model and Signal Detection Theory Approach
(Türk Eğitim Derneği (TEDMEM), 2021) Başokçu, Oğuz Tahsin; Güzel, Mehmet Akif; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5828-1237; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Güzel, Mehmet Akif
Öğrencilerin matematik becerilerinin belirlenmesinde, diğer birçok sınıf içi değerlendirmenin yanında, PISA (Uluslararası Değerlendirme Programı) ve TIMMS (Uluslararası Matematik ve Fen Eğilimleri Araştırması) gibi çeşitli ülkelerde standart olarak kullanılan ölçme araçları bulunmaktadır. Ülkelerarası uygulanan bu geniş ölçekli testlerdeki soru içerikleri, soru yanıtlama türü, puanlanmalar ve analiz yöntemleri yıllar içinde çeşitlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, PISA matematik testine ait becerilerin değerlendirmesinde daha önceden kullanılmamış olan Bilişsel Tanı Modeli (BTM) ve Sinyal Tespit Kuramı’na (STK) ait analiz yöntemleri birlikte kullanılarak bu becerilerin tek bir test prosedürü içinde belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda rastgele örnekleme yöntemiyle İzmir ilinden belirlen 6. Sınıf öğrencilerine (N=230), PISA matematik testi eşdeğerliğinde farklı madde formatlarının kullanıldığı (çoktan seçmeli, doğru yanlış, kısa cevaplı) ve doğru/yanlış olarak dikatomik şekilde puanlanan 12 sorudan oluşan bir matematik testi uygulanmıştır. BTM ölçümleri DINA (the Deterministic Input Noisy Output and Gate) model kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. STK yöntemiyle ise, bireyin doğru ve yanlış yanıtlarını ayırt edebilme becerisi olarak tanımlanan “üstbilişsel izleme” performansının ölçülmesi amacıyla, katılımcılardan her bir soru maddesi için sırasıyla, soruyu çözüp çözemeyeceğini belirtmesi, doğru yanıtlayabileceğini düşünmemiş olsa bile bir tahminde bulunması ve verdiği yanıtların doğruluğundan ne kadar emin olduklarını derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Üstbilişsel izleme performansı, özetle, katılımcıların gerçekte doğru olan yanıtlarında soruyu yanıtlayabileceğini seçip yüksek eminlik düzeyleri vermesi, yanlış olan yanıtlarında ise soruyu yanıtlayabileceğini düşünmemesini ve tahminleri için düşük eminlik düzeyleri vermesiyle, yanıtlarının doğru ve yanlış olarak ayrımını ne kadar iyi yapabildiğinin puanlanmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, PISA testinin BTM yöntemine iyi uyum sağladığını göstermiş ve BTM yöntemiyle belirlenen dört temel beceriden (“ilişkilendirme ve iletişim”, “matematikleştirme”, “akıl yürütme ve strateji geliştirme” ve “sembolik ve teknik dil kullanımı”) özellikle “akıl yürütme ve strateji geliştirme” becerisi yüksek olan öğrencilerin üstbilişsel izleme performanslarının da yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma, doğru ve yanlış yanıtları yüksek oranda ayırt edebilme becerisinin gerçekte hangi özelliklerle ilişkili olduğunun bulunması konusundaki çalışmalarına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bulgular temelinde, üstbilişsel izleme becerisinin özgül olarak “akıl yürütme ve strateji geliştirme” olarak gözlenen alt özelliğe sahip olmakla ilişkili olabileceği önerilmiştir. Ek olarak, PISA testinde -veya herhangi bir başka de olabileceği gibi- üstbilişsel izleme performansının STK ölçüm metodu gibi görece kolay ek bir test prosedürüyle ölçülerek, testte ölçülen becerilerin yanında öğrencilerin diğer ilgili üst-düzey becerileri hakkında da bilgiler elde edilebileceği önerilmektedir.

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