İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12573/205

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A Comparative Study on the VS30 and N-30 Based Seismic Site Classification in Kahramanmaras, Turkey
(HINDAWI LTD, ADAM HOUSE, 3RD FLR, 1 FITZROY SQ, LONDON, W1T 5HF, ENGLAND, 2020) Naji, Dalia Munaff; Akin, Muge K.; Cabalar, Ali Firat; 0000-0001-8873-5287; 0000-0002-9279-2257; 0000-0002-0390-5652; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
Assessment of seismic site classification (SSC) using either the average shear wave velocity (V-S30) or the average SPT-N values (N-30) for upper 30 m in soils is the simplest method to carry out various studies including site response and soil-structure interactions. Either the V-S30- or the N-30-based SSC maps designed according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) classification system are effectively used to predict possible locations for future seismic events. The main goal of this study is to generate maps using the Geographic Information System (GIS) for the SSC in Kahramanmaras city, influenced by both East Anatolian Fault and Dead Sea Fault Zones, using both V-S30 and N-30 values. The study also presents a series of GIS maps produced using the shear wave velocity (V-S) and SPT-N values at the depths of 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 25 m. Furthermore, the study estimates the bed rock level and generates the SSC maps for the average V-S values through overburden soils by using the NEHRP system. The V-S30 maps categorize the study area mainly under class C and limited number of areas under classes B and D, whereas the N-30 maps classify the study area mainly under class D. Both maps indicate that the soil classes in the study area are different to a high extent. Eventually, the GIS maps complied for the purpose of urban development may be utilized effectively by engineers in the field.
Comparison of SPT and V-s-based liquefaction analyses: a case study in Ercis (Van, Turkey)
(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, GEWERBESTRASSE 11, CHAM, CH-6330, SWITZERLAND, 2018) Akkaya, Ismail; Ozvan, Ali; Akin, Mutluhan; Akin, Muge K.; Ovun, Ugur; 0000-0002-7682-962X; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
Liquefaction which is one of the most destructive ground deformations occurs during an earthquake in saturated or partially saturated silty and sandy soils, which may cause serious damages such as settlement and tilting of structures due to shear strength loss of soils. Standard (SPT) and cone (CPT) penetration tests as well as the shear wave velocity (V-s)-based methods are commonly used for the determination of liquefaction potential. In this research, it was aimed to compare the SPT and V-s-based liquefaction analysis methods by generating different earthquake scenarios. Accordingly, the Ercis residential area, which was mostly affected by the 2011 Van earthquake (M-w = 7.1), was chosen as the model site. Ercis (Van, Turkey) and its surroundings settle on an alluvial plain which consists of silty and sandy layers with shallow groundwater level. Moreover, Caldiran, Ercis-Kocapinar and Van Fault Zones are the major seismic sources of the region which have a significant potential of producing large magnitude earthquakes. After liquefaction assessments, the liquefaction potential in the western part of the region and in the coastal regions nearby the Lake Van is found to be higher than the other locations. Thus, it can be stated that the soil tightness and groundwater level dominantly control the liquefaction potential. In addition, the lateral spreading and sand boiling spots observed after the 23rd October 2011 Van earthquake overlap the scenario boundaries predicted in this study. Eventually, the use of V-s-based liquefaction analysis in collaboration with the SPT results is quite advantageous to assess the rate of liquefaction in a specific area.
Emergency response, and community impact after February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık and Elbistan Earthquakes: reconnaissance findings and observations on affected region in Türkiye
(SPRINGER, 2024) Senol Balaban, Meltem; Dogulu, Canay; Akdede, Nil; Akoglu, Haldun; Karakayali, Onur; Yilmaz, Sarper; Yilmaz, Serkan; Ajobiewe, Tolulope; Guzel, Selin; Ikizer, Gozde; Akin, Muge; Unal, Yesim; Karanci, Ayse Nuray; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Akın, Müge
Türkiye has a long history of devastating earthquakes, and on February 6, 2023, the region experienced two major earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6, striking Pazarcık and Elbistan, Kahramanmaraş, respectively, on the East Anatolian Fault Zone. These earthquakes resulted in signifcant loss of life and property, impacting multiple cities across 11 cities, and leaving a lasting impact on the country. The 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes rank among the deadliest and most damaging earthquakes in Türkiye, alongside the historical signifcance of the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake and the 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Despite reforms following the 1999 Marmara Earthquake in disaster policy and preparedness, the scale of damage from the February 6 earthquakes has been shocking, necessitating further insights and lessons for future earthquake management. This paper presents the outcomes of immediate response eforts organized after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes to elucidate emergency response activities and their impacts on communities, considering the substantial size and severity of the damages. The study focuses on evaluating the emergency response provided within the frst 24 h, 3 days, and 2 weeks after the earthquakes, aiming to promptly identify the nature and efectiveness of these responses, as well as the conditions that hindered their efcacy. By shedding light on the specifc experiences and challenges faced during these crucial timeframes, the research aims to ofer valuable insights and lessons learned. These fndings contribute to improved preparedness strategies and more efcient emergency response measures needed in responding to future disaster scenarios. Ultimately, this study provides a useful resource for all stakeholders involved in emergency response and disaster management, ofering valuable guidance to enhance resilience and preparedness in the face of seismic hazards.
Evaluation of the performance of geotextiles using finite element analysis in the settlement results: A case study in Kayseri, Turkey
(Korean Geosynthetics Society, 2018) Yalçın, Hakan; Akın, Müge K.; 0000-0003-3346-1893; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Yalçın, Hakan; Akın, Müge K.
Geotextiles are successfully designated for the reinforcement of soils to solve certain settlement as well as bearing capacity problems in difficult ground conditions. Furthermore, geotextiles are used for the stability of man-made slopes. In this study, the performance of geotextiles for soil improvement is evaluated by considering various geotextile types that have different axial stiffness values. The stiffness values are compared using a finite element method (FEM) based software PLAXIS 2D. As case study, Kayseri Organized Industrial Site in Turkey was chosen for the comparison of these geotextiles for a specific soil profile during analyses. Besides, the FEM based approach is also considered for the settlement, axial force and the effective stress changes during the application of geotextiles. The selected geotextiles are also correlated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The results indicated that the axial stiffness (EA) can be considered with the effect on the possible soil settlement and axial force values. The settlement values reduced with increase in stiffness of reinforcement.
Experimental Investigation of Soil Disturbance Effect on Bearing Capacity of Organic Soil
(SPRINGER, 2024) Çadır, Cenk Cuma; Kaya, Zulkuf; Yalcin, Hakan; Erol, Aykut; Uncuoğlu, Erdal; Akin, Muge; 0000-0003-3346-1893; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Yalcin, Hakan; Akin, Muge
The model test investigations on the soft soils are usually carried out on samples prepared in the laboratory and assuming site conditions. However, such soils that are prepared in the laboratory only partially reflect the site conditions. Considering this gap in the literature, this study mainly focuses on the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of the undisturbed organic soil obtained by a novel block sampling technique. The disturbed organic soil prepared in the laboratory was investigated with large-scale model experiments for two different footing types (square and rectangular). Vane Shear testing (VST), Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) tests, and finite-element analysis (FEA) were performed. The average bearing capacity values of disturbed and undisturbed soil were 60.98 kPa–68.71 kPa and 108.18 kPa–110.89 kPa for square and strip footings, respectively. Bearing capacity reductions of up to 40% were determined on laboratory-prepared soils. The cone reached the required depth (450 mm) with three blows for disturbed soil, while it was reached with four blows for undisturbed soil. Likewise, the undrained shear strength obtained by the VST was determined as 22.16 kPa and 16.60 kPa for undisturbed and disturbed soils, respectively. Shear strength losses of up to 25% for disturbed soils were observed. The bearing capacity values obtained from FEA were comparable to those obtained with the model tests. It was concluded that the degree of degradation of organic soils in the laboratory significantly affects the bearing capacity of the soil.
Experimental studies on the physico-mechanical properties of jet-grout columns in sandy and silty soils
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND, 2016) Akin, Muge K.; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Akin, Muge K.
The term of ground improvement states to the modification of the engineering properties of soils. Jet grouting is one of the grouting methods among various ground improvement techniques. During jet grouting, different textures of columns can be obtained depending on the characteristics of surrounding subsoil as well as the adopted jet-grouting system for each site is variable. In addition to textural properties, strength and index parameters of jet-grout columns are highly affected by the adjacent soil. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of jet-grout columns constructed at two different sites in silty and sandy soil conditions were determined by laboratory tests. A number of statistical relationships between physical and mechanical properties of soilcrete were established in this study in order to investigate the dependency of numerous variables. The relationship between q(u) and gamma(d) is more reliable for sandy soilcrete than that of silty columns considering the determination coefficients. Positive linear relationships between Vp and gamma(d) with significantly high determination coefficients were obtained for the jet-grout columns in silt and sand. The regression analyses indicate that the P-wave velocity is a very dominant parameter for the estimation of physical and mechanical properties of jet-grout columns and should be involved during the quality control of soilcrete material despite the intensive use of uniaxial compressive strength test. Besides, it is concluded that the dry unit weight of jet-grout column is a good indicator of the efficiency of employed operational parameters during jet-grouting. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
GEAKDES: Gerçek Zamanlı Deprem Afet / Süreç Yönetimi İçin Yapay Zekâ Temelli Akıllı Karar Destek Sistemi
(TRDizin, 2024) Özmen, Mihrimah; Akın, Müge; Yüksel, Muhammed Burak; Dedetürk, Bilge Kağan; Özcan, Orkan; 0000-0001-8873-5287; 0000-0002-8026-5003; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Akın, Müge; Dedeturk, Bilge Kağan
Depremler, dünya genelinde sıkça görülen ve ciddi etkiler yaratan doğal felaketlerdir. Modern teknoloji, özellikle sismik olarak aktif bölgelerde, gerçek zamanlı sismik ölçümlerle hızlı müdahale imkanı sağlar. Deprem sonrası hızlı ve doğru hasar tespiti, acil yardım ve kurtarma operasyonlarının etkin yönetilmesini sağlar. Depremlerin dünya çapında ekonomik ve insan kayıpları büyük boyutlardadır, özellikle sismik olarak aktif bölgelerde tehdit oluşturur. Bina güçlendirme çalışmaları ve afet önleme planları, toplumların depremlere karşı direncini artırabilir. Makine öğrenimi ve yapay zeka, depremle ilgili konularda önemli uygulamalara sahiptir. Bu teknolojiler, deprem hasar tahmini, sismik aktivite tahmini ve bina güçlendirme stratejilerinde kullanılır. GEAKDES projesi, bütünleşik bir afet karar destek sistemi sunmaktadır. Gerçek zamanlı makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları, deprem hasar tahminini bina, deprem, zemin gibi karakteristik özelliklerden elde ederek gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu bilgiler, uydu görüntü analizleri ile birleştirilerek daha yüksek doğrulukla deprem hasar tahmini yapılmasını sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, deprem sonrası yardım ihtiyaçlarını tespit ederek lojistik ağ modeli çalıştırılmakta ve yardım rotaları belirlenmektedir. Proje kapsamında geliştirilen Maliyet Duyarlı Paralel ABC-ANN ve Maliyet Duyarlı Paralel GA algoritmaları, deprem hasar tahmininde yüksek doğruluk ve hızlı eğitim süreleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Sentinel-2 ve Sentinel-1 uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak deprem sonrası hasar tespiti yapılmış, optik görüntülerle bina yıkımları, SAR görüntüleriyle zemindeki değişiklikler belirlenmiştir. Bu bilgilerin entegrasyonuyla %91 doğruluk elde edilmiştir. Açık kaynaklı Sentinel-1 SAR uydu görüntülerinin kullanımı, makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerine entegre edilerek deprem kaynaklı hasarın anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamıştır. GEAKDES, hasar tahmin bilgilerini kullanarak deprem bölgesi yardım ulaştırma planlamasına yönelik lojistik ağı modellemektedir. MM-CSA yaklaşımıyla rotalar hesaplanmış ve İkame Ürün Stratejisi ile pilot bölgelerde yardım dağıtım rotaları belirlenmiştir. Proje, elde edilen bilgi ve deneyimleri paylaşarak insanlığın faydalanmasını amaçlamaktadır.
Ground failures and foundation performances in Adıyaman-Gölbaşı following the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye Earthquake Sequence
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2025) Cetin, Kemal Onder; Moug, Diane; Soylemez, Berkan; Ayhan, Bilal Umut; Zarzour, Moutasem; Suhaily, Ahmed Al; Akil, Bulent; Unutmaz, Berna; Firat, Seyhan; Tekin, Erhan; Cakir, Elife; Frost, David; Macedo, Jorge; Bray, Jonathan; Moss, Robb; Bassal, Patrick; Gurbuz, Ayhan; Isik, Nihat Sinan; Akin, Muge; Sahin, Arda; Duman, Emre; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Akin, Muge
The 6 February 2023 Kahramanmara & scedil;-T & uuml;rkiye earthquake sequence (M7.8 and M7.6) presents an exceptional opportunity to investigate both the effects of local soil conditions on damage patterns under strong shaking conditions and the performance of building foundations in areas that experienced ground failure. The significant ground failure and structural damage in Ad & imath;yaman-G & ouml;lba & scedil;& imath; triggered an intensive series of detailed reconnaissance and field surveys. This article aims to present the resulting database of observations on ground failures, building, and foundation performances. The field reconnaissance of ground failures and their effects on building performances involved aerial and walk-down surveys, including high-quality photographs taken across the town. In addition, data on building damage statistics compiled by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change were accessed and analyzed. The subsurface characteristics of the town were characterized using available data from pre-earthquake site investigation campaigns employed for town planning purposes. It is concluded that the ground failures in the town primarily resulted from soil liquefaction and cyclic softening. Most of the poor building and foundation performances and ground failures were documented in the northern part of Atat & uuml;rk Boulevard, closer to the lake of G & ouml;lba & scedil;& imath;, where soil site characteristics were unfavorable. This revealed once again the significant effects of local soil site conditions, particularly soil liquefaction, on the intensified ground failures, foundation, and structural damage levels.
Impact of Jet-Grouting Pressure on the Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Sandy and Clayey Soils in the Compression Zone
(KOREAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-KSCE, 3-16 JUNGDAE-RO 25-GIL, SONGPA-GU, SEOUL, 05661, SOUTH KOREA, 2019) Akin, Mutluhan; Akkaya, Ismail; Akin, Muge K.; Ozvan, Ali; Ak, Yusuf; 0000-0002-7682-962X; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
Jet-grouting as a soil improvement method is extensively preferred in today's civil engineering practice. High-modulus grout columns constructed by extremely high jetting pressures displace the surrounding soil causing a densification in soil particles. Accordingly, the strength as well as the deformation characteristics of subsurface soils are relatively improved across the compression zone which is under the influence of high jetting pressure. In this study, the modification of soil properties in compression zone after jet-grouting in sandy and clayey soils is investigated by standard penetration tests (SPT) and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) performed at a couple of construction sites along established jet-grout column rows. The in-situ test results point out significant improvement of the measured parameters compared to initial values. The rate of enhancement in the compression zone is higher in sandy strata than that of clayey deposits. The strengthening of soil due to jetting pressure is validated by finite element analyses as well. Furthermore, very low shear strain values are obtained in clayey soils with respect to the improved characteristics of compression zone representing extremely low shear deformation under foundation.
Improvement of an Undisturbed Peat Soil with Jet Grout Columns: Physical and Numerical Modeling
(Institute for Ionics, 2023) Yalcin, Hakan; Kaya, Zulkuf; Çadir, Cenk Cuma; Uncuoğlu, Erdal; Erol, Aykut; Akin, Muge; 0000-0003-3346-1893; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Yalcin, Hakan; Akin, Muge
The bearing capacity of the composite-formed soil, such as grouted peat soil, is a crucial design parameter that can be improved by employing jet grout columns (JGCs). The coupling effect of the requirement of new industrial sites and reduction in the suitable regions for construction requires research on improving the bearing capacity of abundantly available peat soils. Despite routinely reported studies on peat soil, improvement studies basically took upon the disturbed soil samples. Research on the sample collecting techniques or experiments on undisturbed peat soil has not been conducted intensively. This study uses a domestic jet grout device to compare features of the undisturbed peat soils at the laboratory using axial loading tests. While samples were collected undisturbedly using specially designed steel boxes, the peat soil within the steel boxes was improved by jet grout columns. Additionally, PLAXIS 3D simulations were used to estimate the behavior of the improved soil. Results showed that the bearing capacity of the soil increased 4 times for square foundations (2 × 2 JGC) and 4.5 times for strip foundations (3 × 1 JGC) compared to the unimproved organic soil.
Kayma Dalgası Hızı (Vs) Kullanılarak Erciş (Van) Yerleşim Alanının Sıvılaşma Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi
(ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, 2017) Akkaya, İsmail; Özvan, Ali; Mutluhan, Akın; Akın, Müge; Övün, Uğur; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Akın, Müge
Van İli, Erciş İlçesi yerleşim alanı ve çevresi Kuvaterner yaşlı güncel çökeller üzerinde yeralan, yeraltısuyu seviyesi sığ, çevresinde tarihsel ve aletsel dönemde büyük deprem üretmiş aktif fayların yeraldığı, 23 Ekim 2011 Van (Mw=7,1) depremi sonrasında belli kesimlerinde sıvılaşma olayının gerçekleştiği önemli bir yerleşim yeridir. Tüm bu veriler, Erciş ve yakın çevresi için olası büyük bir depremde sıvılaşma ve yanal yayılma türü yüzey deformasyonlarının meydana gelebileceğini işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Kayma dalga hızları (Vs) kullanılarak Erciş yerleşim alanı ve çevresinin üç farklı deprem senaryosu için sıvılaşma analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda, Erciş merkezinin yoğun olarak üzerinde bulunduğu eski göl çökellerinin sıvılaşma potansiyelinin "düşük-orta" olduğu belirlenmiştir. İnceleme alanının Van Gölü"ne yakın kıyı kesimleri ile inceleme alanının batısında sıvılaşma potansiyelinin diğer kesimlere göre daha yüksek olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca, Erciş yerleşim alanında 23 Ekim 2011 Van depremi sonrasında arazide gözlenen yanal yayılmalar ve sıvılaşmaların bu çalışmada ön görülen senaryolardaki sınırlarla örtüştüğü belirlenmiştir
A new quantitative welding degree classification for ignimbrites
(SPRINGER, 2023) Akin, Mutluhan; Topal, Tamer; Dincer, Ismail; Akin, Muge K.; Ozvan, Ali; Orhan, Ahmet); Orhan, Ayse; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü; Akin, Muge K.
As a pyroclastic rock type, ignimbrites may reveal varying degrees of welding depending on the temperature (>535 ℃) and overburden pressure conditions during its formation. The welding degree of ignimbrites increases as the formation temperature and the thickness of the overburden deposit in the depositional environment escalate, which are the most crucial factors controlling the rate of welding in ignimbrites. With the increasing temperature, plastic deformation is observed in ignimbrites and the glassy minerals are being welded. Furthermore, the thickness of the overburden causes the deformation of the ash matrix in ignimbrites at the lower sections and the pumice grains are fattened at diferent rates. An increase in the degree of welding of ignimbrites causes an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of the rock material as well. Within the scope of this research, petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical studies were carried out on a total of 16 diferent ignimbrite types, which have diferent color and texture properties, obtained from three diferent regions of Turkey (Kayseri, Nevşehir, Ahlat) where ignimbrites extensively crop out, and the physical and mechanical properties of these samples were revealed. Consequently, a new welding classifcation was developed for ignimbrites considering the uniaxial compressive strength and dry unit weight. The proposed welding classifcation consists of six classes ranging from non-welded to highly welded. When the welding degrees of the selected ignimbrites are evaluated, Kayseri ignimbrites mostly exhibit moderate welding characteristics. Nevşehir ignimbrites, on the other hand, have a low welding degree whereas the degree of welding in Ahlat ignimbrites may vary from low to high. Additionally, long and short axis lengths of pumice grains in the ignimbrite specimens were determined by measuring under the microscope, and shape ratios were determined by diferent shape parameter evaluation methods. As a result, it has been concluded that the pumice grains in Kayseri and Ahlat ignimbrites have a more lenticular structure than the pumice grains in Nevşehir ignimbrites. Eventually, the welding degree classes of ignimbrites and the classifcation developed by using threshold values of the oblateness ratio (OR) values of pumice grains at diferent welding degrees are quite compatible. The proposed welding degree classifcation is of great importance in the selection of ignimbrites widely used as dimension stone and in terms of engineering classifcation of this rock type as well as it will guide to the scientifc studies to be performed on ignimbrites with varying physical and mechanical properties.
Rockfall Hazard Assessment Around Ankara Citadel (Turkey) Using Rockfall Analyses and Hazard Rating System
(SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 2020) San, Nyein Ei; Topal, Tamer; Akin, Muge K.; 0000-0001-8873-5287; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
Ankara Citadel which is one of the important cultural heritages in Turkey settles in the oldest part of Ankara. Rockfall event has occurred around the Citadel located on a steep hill where andesite is exposed. The rockfall problem causes a great risk to the surrounding area where road, school, floral shops, car parking. Therefore, the major aim of this research is to reveal the rockfall risk around the castle. The rockfall problems around the Ankara Citadel may be linked with weathering, freezing-thawing, earthquake, and cooling joints, and effects or combination of these in the rock units. The rockfall-related hazard at the Citadel is assessed by 2-D rockfall analyses along several profiles in this investigation. Field observations and stability analyses (kinematic and limit equilibrium) of the slopes reveal that there exist many blocks ready to fall down. Four different andesite block sizes measured in the field are separately analyzed on the basis of bounce height, fall-out distance, velocity and kinetic energy of the blocks. The obtained data are evaluated to define the possible rockfall-based hazard zones. Based on the danger zones acquired from the rockfall analyses, the removal of the fallen and loosen andesite blocks and the installation of catch barriers with suggested properties are recommended. Besides, the risk integrated into rockfall hazard rating system on the basis of structural and morphological criteria of the rock mass reveals that medium risk category to be mitigated by light remedial measures for the indicative protection exists in the study area.
A study of the relationship between the pressuremeter modulus and the preconsolidation pressure around a thrust fault
(SPRINGER, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA, 2019) Ozvan, Ali; Ozvan, Elif E.; Akkaya, Ismail; Akin, Mutluhan; Akin, Muge K.; 0000-0002-7682-962X; 0000-0001-8873-5287; 0000-0001-5459-3989; AGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
The study area is in a zone under the influence of the Lake Van water changes and the Van fault, which caused a destructive earthquake in 2011. Due to the level changes of Lake Van, sediments with different thicknesses as well as grain sizes were deposited in this region and the characteristics of these sediments were significantly affected by the morphology and lake water fluctuations in the past. A total of six boreholes were drilled along a 3-km line within the study area to determine the preconsolidation pressure (sigma(pc)) and the pressuremeter test values of the clayey levels of old lake deposits-which are known to have different physical and mechanical properties-with hopes to gain an insight on how they influence the mechanical tests performed in the field and in laboratory conditions. The relationship between these values was also statistically evaluated. When both datasets were evaluated together, it was determined that the stresses in the area close to the Van Thrust Fault plane caused deformations in the soil, which in turn affected the hanging-wall block of the thrust fault in particular. The inspection of E-M and sigma(pc) values for the area within the primary compression zone of the Van Fault revealed that both values of the boreholes on the footwall block were higher compared to other boreholes close to the lake (southwest). This finding indicates that the fault stresses at the footwall block of the fault plane enhance the mechanical characteristics of the soil. The data obtained were also evaluated using regression analysis. Relationships between all available data were investigated and a high coefficient of determination was derived between the Menard deformation modulus (E-M) and the preconsolidation (sigma(pc)) pressure.

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