Development and Radiation Test of a Secondary Emission Ionization Calorimetry Module

Abstract

The demand for precise, robust, and reliable radiation-resistant particle detectors and ionization calorimeters intensifies due to the escalating luminosity and unprecedented radiation conditions at particle colliders and accelerators. Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry is a novel technology designed to measure the energy of electromagnetic and hadronic particles, particularly in extreme radiation conditions. In this study, we have tested and investigated the development and radiation tests of the novel SE modules. The modules were developed by modifying the conventional Hamamatsu single-anode R7761 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs). Three different voltage conditions for the same module were created and the new modules were tested using cosmic and gamma radiation sources, Co-60. The results show that all three modes have good sensitivity to electromagnetic showers, and they are suitable for harsh radiation environments. This study also indicates that the SE module is a promising technology shedding light on future radiation-resistant nuclear and high-energy detectors. Here, we discuss the technical design, test characteristics, and cosmic and particle interaction results of the newly developed SE modules.