Real-Time Energy Management in an Off-Grid Smart Home: Flexible Demand Side Control With Electric Vehicle and Green Hydrogen Production
| dc.contributor.author | Boynuegri, Ali Rifat | |
| dc.contributor.author | Tekgun, Burak | |
| dc.contributor.author | Rifat Boynuegri, Ali | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-09-25T10:56:24Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-09-25T10:56:24Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2023 | |
| dc.description | Boynuegri, Ali Rifat/0000-0003-4734-3126; Tekgun, Burak/0000-0003-2720-8816 | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | A real-time energy management system for an off-grid smart home is presented in this paper. The primary energy sources for the system are wind turbine and photovoltaics, with a fuel cell serving as a supporting energy source. Surplus power is used to generate hydrogen through an electrolyzer. Data on renewable energy and load demand is gathered from a real smart home located in the Yildiz Technical University Smart Home Laboratory. The aim of the study is to reduce hydrogen consumption and effectively utilize surplus renewable energy by managing controllable loads with fuzzy logic controller, all while maintaining the user's comfort level. Load shifting and tuning are used to increase the demand supplied by renewable energy sources by 10.8% and 13.65% from wind turbines and photovoltaics, respectively. As a result, annual hydrogen consumption is reduced by 7.03%, and the average annual efficiency of the fuel cell increases by 4.6% & COPY; 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | en_US |
| dc.description.sponsorship | FC system converts chemical energy, (9,10); Yildiz Technical University Smart Home Laboratory | |
| dc.description.sponsorship | Alternative energy sources are inevitable in a home microgrid system, and available options are battery packs, fossil fuel-powered generators, flywheel systems, fuel cell (FC) systems [7]. An FC system converts chemical energy into electrical energy by utilizing hydrogen and oxygen, resulting in water as a byproduct. Therefore, the FCs are favored due to their environmentally friendly structure and quiet operation [8]. Despite their advantages, FCs can suffer from structural deformations like excessive humidification and membrane drying under rapid load demand variations, which makes them not suitable as the sole energy source in standalone systems [9,10]. However, if the FC is supported with various energy sources such as batteries and RES, and the energy demand is controlled by a demand-side management (DSM) system, the lifetime and efficiency of the FC and the entire system can be improved [11].The smart home shown in Fig. 1 has an Electric Vehicle (EV) charger, along with appliances that can be found in almost every home, such as a fridge, washing machine, stove, etc. Power generation data of the wind turbine (WT) and PVs along with all the appliances' power consumption data are yearlong recorded real data from Yildiz Technical University Smart Home Laboratory. The renewable energy sources WT and PVs, mounted on the roof of the building are shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (d) respectively. The appliances and the inside view of the smart home in the laboratory are shown in Fig. 2 (c) and the smart plugs, which are used to gather each appliance's consumption data and control them are shown in Fig. 2 (d). This system uses RES as the primary energy source, and to provide energy continuity, an FC/electrolyzer is used to support them. Additionally, to avoid rapid load variations on the FC, an HEMS using demand response and flexible loads is provided. FC/electrolyzer system is preferred over an FC/battery pack in a smart home because a battery pack requires additional equipment for monitoring, protection, and maintenance. While an additional battery pack can be beneficial in supporting the FC in the proposed smart home, the DSM system shifts the loads and uses RES more efficiently to distribute the peak demand and keep the loading varying slowly without affecting the user comfort. Therefore, almost all the benefits of battery packs are achieved without one. The energy management system is developed with a rule-based FLC, and hydrogen tank level, rate of change of hydrogen tank level, and the FC power are selected as inputs, with the load shifting coefficient selected as output. Experimentally collected RES and load data are used as inputs to simulate the proposed system in MATLAB®/Simulink® in order to compare and validate the efficacy of the developed HEMS with conventional HEMS. The proposed HEMS makes a brief contribution to the literature by increasing RES usage, decreasing hydrogen consumption, and increasing overall average FC efficiency in an off-grid smart home system. | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.239 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0360-3199 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 1879-3487 | |
| dc.identifier.scopus | 2-s2.0-85147699452 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.239 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12573/4544 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd | en_US |
| dc.relation.ispartof | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy | en_US |
| dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess | en_US |
| dc.subject | Energy Management | en_US |
| dc.subject | Fuel Cell | en_US |
| dc.subject | Electric Vehicle | en_US |
| dc.subject | Demand Side Control | en_US |
| dc.subject | Smart Home | en_US |
| dc.title | Real-Time Energy Management in an Off-Grid Smart Home: Flexible Demand Side Control With Electric Vehicle and Green Hydrogen Production | en_US |
| dc.type | Article | en_US |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| gdc.author.id | Boynuegri, Ali Rifat/0000-0003-4734-3126 | |
| gdc.author.id | Tekgun, Burak/0000-0003-2720-8816 | |
| gdc.author.scopusid | 36241425100 | |
| gdc.author.scopusid | 55364451700 | |
| gdc.author.wosid | Boynuegri, Ali/Aaz-5933-2020 | |
| gdc.author.wosid | Tekgun, Burak/Z-1095-2018 | |
| gdc.bip.impulseclass | C3 | |
| gdc.bip.influenceclass | C4 | |
| gdc.bip.popularityclass | C3 | |
| gdc.coar.access | metadata only access | |
| gdc.coar.type | text::journal::journal article | |
| gdc.collaboration.industrial | false | |
| gdc.description.department | Abdullah Gül University | en_US |
| gdc.description.departmenttemp | [Boynuegri, Ali Rifat] Yildiz Tech Univ, Fac Elect Elect, Dept Elect Engn, Davutpasa Campus, TR-34220 Istanbul, Turkiye; [Tekgun, Burak] Abdullah Gul Univ, Sch Engn, Dept Elect Elect Engn, Sumer Campus, TR-38080 Kayseri, Turkiye; [Boynuegri, Ali Rifat] Yildiz Tech Univ, Clean Energy Technol Inst, Davutpasa Campus, TR-34220 Istanbul, Turkiye | en_US |
| gdc.description.endpage | 23155 | en_US |
| gdc.description.issue | 60 | en_US |
| gdc.description.publicationcategory | Makale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı | en_US |
| gdc.description.scopusquality | Q1 | |
| gdc.description.startpage | 23146 | en_US |
| gdc.description.volume | 48 | en_US |
| gdc.description.woscitationindex | Science Citation Index Expanded | |
| gdc.description.wosquality | Q1 | |
| gdc.identifier.openalex | W4319455898 | |
| gdc.identifier.wos | WOS:001035397700001 | |
| gdc.index.type | WoS | |
| gdc.index.type | Scopus | |
| gdc.oaire.diamondjournal | false | |
| gdc.oaire.impulse | 46.0 | |
| gdc.oaire.influence | 4.4616892E-9 | |
| gdc.oaire.isgreen | false | |
| gdc.oaire.popularity | 3.5155143E-8 | |
| gdc.oaire.publicfunded | false | |
| gdc.oaire.sciencefields | 0211 other engineering and technologies | |
| gdc.oaire.sciencefields | 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering | |
| gdc.oaire.sciencefields | 02 engineering and technology | |
| gdc.openalex.collaboration | National | |
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| gdc.openalex.normalizedpercentile | 0.98 | |
| gdc.openalex.toppercent | TOP 10% | |
| gdc.opencitations.count | 41 | |
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| gdc.virtual.author | Tekgün, Burak | |
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