Biotechnological Production of Pyrazinamide Using Escherichia Coli Host Organism
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Date
2026
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Abstract
Tüberküloz (TB), esas olarak Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) tarafından kaynaklanan ve genellikle enfekte bir birey tarafından salınan havadaki damlacıklar yoluyla taşınan bir hastalıktır. İnsanlık yüzyıllardır TB ile mücadele etmektedir ve en ölümcül hastalıklardan biri olarak kabul edilir. Çeşitli tedavi yöntemleri bulunmaktadır ve pirazinamid (PZA) etkili anti-tüberküloz ajanlarından biridir. Günümüzde, PZA üretimi ağırlıklı olarak kimyasal senteze dayanmaktadır fakat bu üretim yaklaşımı sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu değildir. Bu nedenle, mikrobiyal üretim yöntemleri kimyasal senteze alternatif bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, PZA üretimi için substrat olarak pirazin ve pirazinoik asit (POA) kullanılmış; ve üç farklı enzim aracılığıyla biyotransformasyon gerçekleştirilmiştir. Pirazinin POA'ya dönüştürülmesi için 3-oktaprenil-4-hidroksibenzoat dekarboksilaz (RpUbiD) ve flavin preniltransferaz (RpUbiX) kullanılırken, POA'nın PZA'ya dönüşümünde benzamid sentaz (SmNspN) rol oynamıştır. Bu enzimleri kodlayan genler, Gibson klonlama ve restriksiyon–ligasyon klonlama yöntemleri kullanılarak Escherichia coli (E. coli) plazmitlerine klonlanmıştır. Daha sonra, ekpres edilen proteinler SDS-PAGE ile doğrulanmış ve biyotransformasyon işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biyotransformasyon ürünlerini analiz etmek için ince tabaka kromatografisi (TLC) ve yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, hedef proteinlerin büyük bir kısmı çoklu optimizasyon denemelerine rağmen çözünmeyen fraksiyonlar olarak elde edilmiştir. İlk HPLC sonuçları POA ile uyumlu görünse de, sonraki analizler sinyalin muhtemelen kolon kaynaklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Pirazinin POA'ya dönüşümü doğrulanamasa da, bu sonuçlar biyodönüşüm koşullarının optimize edilmesi için bir temel oluşturmaktadır.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is typically carried and transmitted through airborne droplets released by an infected individual. Humanity has been dealing with TB for centuries, and it is positioned as one of the deadliest diseases. There are various treatment methods and pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the effective anti-tuberculosis agents. Currently, PZA production is predominantly based on chemical synthesis; however, this production approach is not sustainable and environmentally friendly. Therefore, microbial production methods can be an alternative to chemical synthesis. In this study, pyrazine and pyrazinoic acid (POA) were used as substrates for PZA production, and biotransformation was carried out through three different enzymes. For the conversion of pyrazine to POA, 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase (RpUbiD) and flavin prenyltransferase (RpUbiX) were used, while benzamide synthase (SmNspN) played a role to convert POA to PZA. The genes encoding for these enzymes were cloned into E. coli plasmids using Gibson assembly and restriction-ligation cloning methods. Subsequently, expressed proteins were verified by SDS-PAGE and biotransformation process was performed. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were used to analyze the biotransformation products. Based on these results, the majority of the target proteins were obtained as insoluble fractions, despite multiple optimization attempts. Although the initial HPLC results appeared consistent with POA, subsequent analysis demonstrated that this signal was likely due to column-related interference. While precise conversion of pyrazine to POA could not be confirmed, the results provide a basis for further optimization of bioconversion conditions.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is typically carried and transmitted through airborne droplets released by an infected individual. Humanity has been dealing with TB for centuries, and it is positioned as one of the deadliest diseases. There are various treatment methods and pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the effective anti-tuberculosis agents. Currently, PZA production is predominantly based on chemical synthesis; however, this production approach is not sustainable and environmentally friendly. Therefore, microbial production methods can be an alternative to chemical synthesis. In this study, pyrazine and pyrazinoic acid (POA) were used as substrates for PZA production, and biotransformation was carried out through three different enzymes. For the conversion of pyrazine to POA, 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase (RpUbiD) and flavin prenyltransferase (RpUbiX) were used, while benzamide synthase (SmNspN) played a role to convert POA to PZA. The genes encoding for these enzymes were cloned into E. coli plasmids using Gibson assembly and restriction-ligation cloning methods. Subsequently, expressed proteins were verified by SDS-PAGE and biotransformation process was performed. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were used to analyze the biotransformation products. Based on these results, the majority of the target proteins were obtained as insoluble fractions, despite multiple optimization attempts. Although the initial HPLC results appeared consistent with POA, subsequent analysis demonstrated that this signal was likely due to column-related interference. While precise conversion of pyrazine to POA could not be confirmed, the results provide a basis for further optimization of bioconversion conditions.
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Microbiology, Biotechnology, Biyomühendislik, Mikrobiyoloji, Biyoteknoloji, Bioengineering
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