Revisiting the Nexus of Ecological Footprint, Unemployment, and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy for South Asian Economies: Evidence From Novel Research Methods
| dc.contributor.author | Dogan, Eyup | |
| dc.contributor.author | Majeed, Muhammad Tariq | |
| dc.contributor.author | Luni, Tania | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-09-25T10:56:32Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-09-25T10:56:32Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2022 | |
| dc.description | Majeed, Muhammad Tariq/0000-0001-9374-5025; Luni, Tania/0000-0002-7022-1920; | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | Given the need to employ novel research methods in the energy-environment nexus, the objective of the present research is to investigate the impacts of real output, unemployment, and renewable and nonrenewable energy on ecological footprint under a STIRPAT theoretical framework by applying the second-generation unit root, cointegration, Granger-causality, and long-run estimation methods on the annual data from 1990 to 2017 for South Asian economies. Empirical results show that increases in unemployment and renewable energy decrease ecological footprint while increases in real income and non-renewable energy hurt the environment. This study confirms the adverse effect of renewable energy on environmental degradation as well as the trade-off between unemployment and pollution through multiple robustness and sensitivity checks. In addition, the causality test supports unidirectional causality from income, renewable energy, and non-renewable energy to ecological footprint. Regarding policy perspectives, the governments of the South Asian region should support the deployment of renewable energy through various channels and regulations. The development of technologies that promote sustainable production and consumption play critical roles for reducing the trade-off unemployment and ecological footprint. Further policy suggestions are discussed in the study.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | en_US |
| dc.description.sponsorship | The EFP of South Asian countries increased from 0.7195 constant per capita in 1990 to 1.0946 by 2017 [19]. The EFP of the region increased from 0.63gha to 1.12gha (global hectares) per person between 1961 and 2017 [19]. The increasing EFP represents a demand and supply gap suggesting overuse of natural resources in South Asia. This reveals that biocapacity (the regenerative capacity of nature; supply) is lower than demand for natural resources [20]. Although the region is rich in natural resources, it faces a biocapacity deficit due to overconsumption that depletes natural resources. Furthermore, the exhaustive use of natural resources has adverse economic (decline in income and increase in commodity prices) and environmental consequences-higher emissions due to decline in forest cover; that support carbon absorption and act as a carbon sink-for the region (ADB & WWF, 2012). Besides, the unemployment rate (% of the total labor force); however, decreased from 4.7794 to 3.8624 over the same period [16]. The total population also increased from 224 million to 351 million between 1990 and 2017. Similarly, the income of the region increased from 654.65 per capita to 1781.7 per capita between 1990 and 2017. Energy sources trend also indicate the pressure on natural resource use as renewable energy consumption shows a decline from 72.205 to 52.918 (% of total energy consumption) between 1990 and 2017. Contrary to this, non-renewable energy dependence increased between 1990 and 2017 from 36.227 to 53.565% of the total. Nevertheless, the role of renewable energy is unclear in the level of emissions among the existing studies [21].To ensure the sustainability of life on earth, research is flourishing to explore the determinants of environmental degradation which result in climate change and threatens human survival. Although the major source of climate change is anthropogenic activities including land-use changes, agriculture, and industry, however, these are the sources to support human welfare and living standards. Economic growth has been considered as the major culprit behind increasing environmental degradation due to the extraction of finite natural resources. Analyzing the effect of income on ecological footprints Al-Mulali et al. [25] supports the “environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)” hypothesis for upper-middle-income and high-income economies over the span 1980–2008 using fixed effects (FE) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) while urbanization contributes to environmental damage through an increase in ecological footprints. Charfeddine [26], used Markov switching technique to analyze the impact of economic growth, and urbanization on the EFP for Qatar over the period 1970 to 2015. The results reveal that a U-shaped relationship exists between EFP and economic growth while electricity consumption and urbanization are associated with higher EFP.With higher growth, employment opportunities increase and leads to an increase in the demand for goods and services which are based on natural resources. Therefore, Kashem & Rahman [10], by using fixed and random effects, and pooled mean group (PMG) estimations, revealed an inverse relationship between carbon emissions and unemployment. The environment can be improved at the cost of employment. Similarly, the findings of Anser et al. [33] also supported the tradeoff between environmental quality and unemployment for “Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey (BRICST)” during 1992–2016 by employing PMG estimation. Ng et al. [22] report that unemployment and renewable energy contribute to environmental improvement and decline in EFP in 36 “Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)” economies for the period 1995 to 2015 using “AMG and Common correlated effect mean group estimator (CCEMG)” approaches. Energy is also considered a major source of environmental quality. The exploration and production of energy adversely affect biodiversity [33]. The energy produced from conventional sources (coal, oil, and gas; natural resources) leads to loss of biodiversity and an increase in ecological footprints. However, if energy is produced from renewable resources which are abundant in nature can lead to sustainable development as it does not deplete and compromises the planet's sustainability.However, population growth can lead to a decline in EFP through proper use of land, increasing return to scale, provision of improved water, sanitation and health facilities, waste management, environment-friendly infrastructure, which leads to sustainability of the environment and decline in environmental pressures. Furthermore, the provision of better educational facilities increases awareness about environmental conditions and efficient use of resources to avoid exploitation thereby decreasing EFP and supporting improved environmental quality. Along with this, countries use alternative energy sources with growing population to avoid environmental degradation [53]. The empirical literature provides heterogeneous results on the impact of population on environmental quality. The study by Katircioglu et al. [53] examined the role of urbanization, total population, rural population, and income on emissions at the global level within the EKC framework from 1960 to 2013. The results reveal that population growth does not contribute to environmental damage. However, the study of Ahmed et al. [2] suggests that urbanization increases EFP in “Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (G7)” economies for 1971 to 2014 using “Continuously updated Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (CUP-FM) and Continuously Updated Bias-Corrected (CUP-BC) approaches”. | |
| dc.description.sponsorship | CUP-BC; CUP-FM; exploration and production of energy adversely affect biodiversity; World Wildlife Fund, WWF, (36.227, 72.205); World Wildlife Fund, WWF | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.165 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0960-1481 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 1879-0682 | |
| dc.identifier.scopus | 2-s2.0-85131822231 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.165 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12573/4575 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd | en_US |
| dc.relation.ispartof | Renewable Energy | en_US |
| dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess | en_US |
| dc.subject | Ecological Footprint | en_US |
| dc.subject | Renewable Energy | en_US |
| dc.subject | Sustainability | en_US |
| dc.subject | Novel Methods | en_US |
| dc.title | Revisiting the Nexus of Ecological Footprint, Unemployment, and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy for South Asian Economies: Evidence From Novel Research Methods | en_US |
| dc.type | Article | en_US |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| gdc.author.id | Majeed, Muhammad Tariq/0000-0001-9374-5025 | |
| gdc.author.id | Luni, Tania/0000-0002-7022-1920 | |
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| gdc.author.wosid | Majeed, Muhammad/Jnt-6940-2023 | |
| gdc.author.wosid | Dogan, Eyup/J-8676-2019 | |
| gdc.author.wosid | Luni, Tania/Aft-2328-2022 | |
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| gdc.description.department | Abdullah Gül University | en_US |
| gdc.description.departmenttemp | [Dogan, Eyup] Univ Sharjah, Finance & Econ, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates; [Dogan, Eyup] Abdullah Gul Univ, Dept Econ, Kayseri, Turkey; [Majeed, Muhammad Tariq; Luni, Tania] Quaid I Azam Univ, Sch Econ, Islamabad, Pakistan | en_US |
| gdc.description.endpage | 1070 | en_US |
| gdc.description.publicationcategory | Makale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı | en_US |
| gdc.description.scopusquality | Q1 | |
| gdc.description.startpage | 1060 | en_US |
| gdc.description.volume | 194 | en_US |
| gdc.description.woscitationindex | Science Citation Index Expanded | |
| gdc.description.wosquality | Q1 | |
| gdc.identifier.openalex | W4281643813 | |
| gdc.identifier.wos | WOS:000822662100001 | |
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| gdc.oaire.sciencefields | 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering | |
| gdc.oaire.sciencefields | 02 engineering and technology | |
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| gdc.virtual.author | Doğan, Eyüp | |
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