Türkiye’de Ataerkinin Kadın İstihdamı Tabusu: İşveren Tutumları Üzerine Bir Uygulama
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2023
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Abstract
Dünya genelinde, 1970’li yıllardan beri ihracata dayalı ekonomik modelde kadın_x000D_
işgücünün büyük bir öneme sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Nitekim tüm dünyada_x000D_
‘istihdamda feminizasyon’un öne çıkması da bunu doğrular niteliktedir. Bu çalışmanın_x000D_
amacı, Türkiye’de ihracata dayalı ekonomik modelin kadın istihdamına etkisini talep_x000D_
yönlü analiz edebilmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Malatya, Şanlıurfa ve Adıyaman_x000D_
Organize Sanayi Bölgeleri’ndeki (OSB) 212 işveren/yönetici ile tarama (survey)_x000D_
yöntemiyle görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve ayrıca 15 derinlemesine görüşme_x000D_
yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, araştırma kentleri başta olmak üzere bölgeye_x000D_
yönelik sanayi teşviklerinden faydalanmak amacıyla üretim birimlerini buralara_x000D_
taşıyan yatırımcıların kadın istihdamı ve mevcut işgücünün en az yarısının kadınlardan_x000D_
oluşması konusundaki tutumlarına bağlı olarak bu bölgede kadınların çalışma yaşamına_x000D_
daha yüksek oranlarda katılacağı yönünde olumlu işaretler bulunmaktadır. Nitekim_x000D_
araştırmanın yapıldığı Malatya, Adıyaman ve Şanlıurfa bölgelerinde son on yıl içinde_x000D_
kadın işgücüne katılım oranlarında ve istihdam oranlarında artışlar yaşanmıştır. Yine de_x000D_
araştırma bölgesi özelinde istihdamın koşulları dikkate alındığında kadınların işgücüne_x000D_
katılımlarının artmasının gerçekte olumlu bir işaret olarak algılanması zorlaşmaktadır._x000D_
İşverenlerin/yöneticilerin kadın çalıştırma konusundaki genel tutumlarına bakıldığında,_x000D_
bölgede ataerkil sistem ile sermaye ilişkisinin birbirlerinin devamlılığı için kurulduğu_x000D_
görülmüştür. Bu ilişki, kadınları evlilik ve annelik gibi sosyal ilişkiler üzerinden_x000D_
tanımlayarak kadınların hane içindeki konumlarını sağlamlaştırmakta ve toplum_x000D_
tarafından kabul edilmek için kadınlar da bu görevleri yerine getirmek amacıyla işgücü_x000D_
piyasasının dışında kalmaktadırlar. Öbür taraftan kapitalist birikim sistemi geçimlik aile ücretini temin etmeyerek kadınların işgücü piyasasında kayıt dışı, geçici ve düşük_x000D_
ücretlerle çalışmasını güvence altına almaktadır. Keza anket sonuçları ve derinlemesine_x000D_
görüşmelerde kadınların asli sorumluluklarının kadınları hane içinde tanımlayan eviçi işler ile çocuk bakımı olduğu, kadınların gece vardiyalarında çalışmalarının uygun_x000D_
olmadığı, çocuk sahibi kadınların çalışmasının doğru olmayacağı ve kadınların çalışma_x000D_
yaşamına katılabilmek için aile reisinin izninin gerekliliği gibi ifadelerin işverenlerin/_x000D_
yöneticilerin neredeyse tamamının görüşlerini yansıtmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, araştırma_x000D_
bölgesinde kadınların çalışma yaşamına düşük katılım oranlarını açıklamak için güçlü_x000D_
göstergelerdir. Hepsinin de ötesinde bölgede kadın istihdamına sadece zorunlu_x000D_
olduğunda başvurulduğuna ilişkin genel bir tutum mevcuttur.
One of the most important changes in the globalising world is the importance of the_x000D_ female labour force in the export-based economic model since the 1970s. As a matter_x000D_ of fact, feminization in employment become prominent worldwide confirming this_x000D_ reality. This article aims to examine how effects of the export-based economic model_x000D_ on women’s employment in Turkey by the demand-side. For this purpose, interviewed_x000D_ by survey method 212 employers/managers in Malatya, Şanlıurfa, and Adıyaman_x000D_ OSB’s and 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. According to the field research_x000D_ findings, there are positive signs that women will participate in working life at higher_x000D_ rates in the research region. The investors who moved their production units to the_x000D_ region, especially in the research cities, have a positive attitude toward at least 50%_x000D_ female employment of employment their workplaces to benefit from the industrial_x000D_ incentives. With these positive attitudes, it has been determined there has been an_x000D_ increase in female labor force participation rates and employment rates in the last ten_x000D_ years in Malatya, Adıyaman, and Şanlıurfa regions where the research was conducted._x000D_ However, considering the employment conditions in the research region, it is difficult to_x000D_ perceive the increase in female labor force participation as a positive sign. Considering_x000D_ the general attitudes of employers/managers on women’s employment, it has been_x000D_ seen that the patriarchal system and the capital relationship in the region have been_x000D_ established for the continuity of each other. This relationship has consolidated the_x000D_ position of women in the household by defining women through social relations such_x000D_ as marriage and motherhood. So, women stay out of the labour market for acceptance_x000D_ by society. On the other hand, capitalist accumulation has not provided a family wage and ensured that women work informally, temporarily, and with low wages. As a_x000D_ matter of fact, in the survey results and in-depth interviews, it was stated that the main_x000D_ responsibilities of women are domestic work that defines women in the household_x000D_ and childcare, it is not appropriate for women to work night shifts. In addition, it is not_x000D_ right for women with children to work, and the permission of the head of the family_x000D_ is required for women to participate in working life. In addition, almost all managers_x000D_ reflect that not right for women with children to work and required permission from_x000D_ the head of the family for women to participate in working life. There is a general_x000D_ attitude that women's employment in the region is only sought when it is deemed_x000D_ necessary, beyond the fact that they are capable.
One of the most important changes in the globalising world is the importance of the_x000D_ female labour force in the export-based economic model since the 1970s. As a matter_x000D_ of fact, feminization in employment become prominent worldwide confirming this_x000D_ reality. This article aims to examine how effects of the export-based economic model_x000D_ on women’s employment in Turkey by the demand-side. For this purpose, interviewed_x000D_ by survey method 212 employers/managers in Malatya, Şanlıurfa, and Adıyaman_x000D_ OSB’s and 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. According to the field research_x000D_ findings, there are positive signs that women will participate in working life at higher_x000D_ rates in the research region. The investors who moved their production units to the_x000D_ region, especially in the research cities, have a positive attitude toward at least 50%_x000D_ female employment of employment their workplaces to benefit from the industrial_x000D_ incentives. With these positive attitudes, it has been determined there has been an_x000D_ increase in female labor force participation rates and employment rates in the last ten_x000D_ years in Malatya, Adıyaman, and Şanlıurfa regions where the research was conducted._x000D_ However, considering the employment conditions in the research region, it is difficult to_x000D_ perceive the increase in female labor force participation as a positive sign. Considering_x000D_ the general attitudes of employers/managers on women’s employment, it has been_x000D_ seen that the patriarchal system and the capital relationship in the region have been_x000D_ established for the continuity of each other. This relationship has consolidated the_x000D_ position of women in the household by defining women through social relations such_x000D_ as marriage and motherhood. So, women stay out of the labour market for acceptance_x000D_ by society. On the other hand, capitalist accumulation has not provided a family wage and ensured that women work informally, temporarily, and with low wages. As a_x000D_ matter of fact, in the survey results and in-depth interviews, it was stated that the main_x000D_ responsibilities of women are domestic work that defines women in the household_x000D_ and childcare, it is not appropriate for women to work night shifts. In addition, it is not_x000D_ right for women with children to work, and the permission of the head of the family_x000D_ is required for women to participate in working life. In addition, almost all managers_x000D_ reflect that not right for women with children to work and required permission from_x000D_ the head of the family for women to participate in working life. There is a general_x000D_ attitude that women's employment in the region is only sought when it is deemed_x000D_ necessary, beyond the fact that they are capable.
Description
Keywords
Kadın İstihdamı, OSB, İşveren Tutumu, İstihdamın Feminizasyonu, İhracata Dayalı Üretim, Female Employment, OSB, Employer’s Attitude, Feminisation of Employment, Export-based Production
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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Scopus Q
Source
Volume
47
Issue
1
Start Page
387
End Page
415
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