Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Bioprinting

Abstract

Regenerative medicine has evolved with the rise of tissue engineering due to advancements in healthcare and technology. In recent years, bioprinting has been an upcoming approach to traditional tissue engineering practices, through the fabrication of functional tissue by its layer-by-layer deposition process. This overcomes challenges such as irregular cell distribution and limited cell density, and it can potentially address organ shortages, increasing transplant options. Bioprinting fully functional organs is a long stretch but the advancement is rapidly growing due to its precision and compatibility with complex geometries. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a carestone of computer-aided engineering, has been instrumental in assisting bioprinting research and development by cutting costs and saving time. CFD optimizes bioprinting by testing parameters such as shear stress, diffusivity, and cell viability, reducing repetitive experiments and aiding in material selection and bioprinter nozzle design. This review discusses the current application of CFD in bioprinting and its potential to enhance the technology that can contribute to the evolution of regenerative medicine. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) allows the optimization of bioprinting by analyzing flow velocity, shear stress, and pressure distribution, which enhances the printability, nozzle design, and bioink formulations for tissue construction. CFD enhances bioink deposition and cell viability while reducing the need for repetitive experiments, curbing cost and time. Moreover, it enhances vascularization designs to mimic physiological conditions, thereby facilitating tissue development. image