Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12573/395
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Article Recent Progress in the Beneficiation of Iron-Manganese Ores: An Overview(Pleiades Publishing Ltd, 2025) Top, SonerIron-manganese (Fe-Mn) ores are essential for steelmaking, ferroalloy production, and emerging energy technologies, yet their beneficiation is challenging due to the close association of Fe and Mn oxides and their overlapping physicochemical properties. This review assesses key processing strategies, including gravity separation, magnetic methods, flotation, reduction roasting, and selective reductive leaching. Physical beneficiation offers limited upgrades, being constrained by mineral liberation and ore texture. Reduction roasting with carbonaceous or hydrogen reductants exploits the different reduction stabilities of Fe and Mn oxides, creating magnetic contrasts for effective separation. Hydrometallurgical techniques based on reductive leaching also show strong potential, particularly with biomass-derived or organic reductants, achieving manganese recoveries often above 90-99%. A central focus is the use of Ellingham and Eh-pH diagrams as predictive tools for selective separation. Ellingham diagrams outline the thermodynamic stabilities of Fe and Mn oxides, guiding roasting design, while Eh-pH diagrams describe dissolution behavior under varying acidity and redox conditions, enabling leaching optimization. Integrating these frameworks with experimental evidence demonstrates how thermodynamic and electrochemical principles can improve process selectivity. No single technique universally addresses Fe-Mn beneficiation challenges; instead, hybrid flowsheets combining physical, thermal, and hydrometallurgical routes tailored to ore characteristics are most effective. Future research should prioritize low-carbon and sustainable approaches such as hydrogen roasting, bio-reductant leaching, and zero-waste systems. This review thus provides both a synthesis of current advances and a roadmap for sustainable Fe and Mn resource recovery.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 4Separation of Fe and Mn From Manganiferous Iron Ores via Reductive Acid Leaching Followed by Magnetic Separation(Springer, 2019-08-01) Top, S.In this study, a process to separate manganese and iron from manganiferous iron ores by reductive acid leaching followed by magnetic separation was conceived and experimentally tested. In the leaching process, sulfuric acid was used as lixiviant and oxalic acid was used as reductant. The experimental results showed that the manganese and iron separation was optimum when the concentration of the sulfuric acid and oxalic acid were 0.75 M and 30 g/L, respectively, at a temperature of 80 °C, a solid/liquid ratio of 67 g/L, stirring speed of 400 rpm, and leaching duration of 60 min. Under this condition, 90.49% and 6.78% of Mn and Fe were dissolved, respectively, from the ore sample with a size fraction of − 106 μm. It was determined that the leaching of manganese from the ores was a second-order reaction with an activation energy (E<inf>a</inf>) of 53.38 kJ/mol. The leaching residues obtained under the optimum condition were subjected to high-intensity wet magnetic separation tests to recover the remaining iron content. This separation process produced a concentrate containing 56.20% Fe and 1.79% Mn with iron and manganese recoveries of 56.83% and 66.73%, respectively. A magnetic separation test from an unleached ore sample was also carried out as a benchmark. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a magnetic separation process was used to a residue obtained from reductive acid leaching of manganiferous iron ores to recover iron. © 2019, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc.