Psikoloji Bölümü

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12573/833

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Anhedonia in Relation to Reward and Effort Learning in Young People with Depression Symptoms
(MDPI, 2023) Frey, Anna-Lena; Kaya, M. Siyabend; Adeniyi, Irina; McCabe, Ciara; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, M. Siyabend
Anhedonia, a central depression symptom, is associated with impairments in reward processing. However, it is not well understood which sub-components of reward processing (anticipation, motivation, consummation, and learning) are impaired in association with anhedonia in depression. In particular, it is unclear how learning about different rewards and the effort needed to obtain them might be associated with anhedonia and depression symptoms. Therefore, we examined learning in young people (N = 132, mean age 20, range 17–25 yrs.) with a range of depression and anhedonia symptoms using a probabilistic instrumental learning task. The task required participants to learn which options to choose to maximize their reward outcomes across three conditions (chocolate taste, puppy images, or money) and to minimize the physical effort required to obtain the rewards. Additionally, we collected questionnaire measures of anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia, as well as subjective reports of “liking”, “wanting” and “willingness to exert effort” for the rewards used in the task. We found that as anticipatory anhedonia increased, subjective liking and wanting of rewards decreased. Moreover, higher anticipatory anhedonia was significantly associated with lower reward learning accuracy, and participants demonstrated significantly higher reward learning than effort learning accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the first study observing an association of anhedonia with reward liking, wanting, and learning when reward and effort learning are measured simultaneously. Our findings suggest an impaired ability to learn from rewarding outcomes could contribute to anhedonia in young people. Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm this and reveal the specific aspects of reward learning that predict anhedonia. These aspects could then be targeted by novel anhedonia interventions.
Barriers and facilitators to university access in disadvantaged UK adolescents by ethnicity: a qualitative study
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, 2022) Kaya, Munire Sena; Keast, Kevin; Mccabe, Carla; 0000-0001-8704-3473; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, Munire Sena
Increasing access to university for those currently under-represented is a UK government priority. Understanding the views of under-represented students can help direct widening participation activities. In recent years, a positive trend finds increasing numbers of Black students attending university, but it is not clear why White disadvantaged student numbers have not increased. Thus, we aimed to explore the student viewpoint on barriers and facilitators to university access in disadvantaged adolescents and how this might differ by ethnicity. We used an online semi-structured interview with questions about applying to university. Seventy adolescents (mean 16.9 yr.) were recruited who are currently under-represented at university level, based on various measures of disadvantage. Black, Asian, and ethnic minority students (BAME) reported similar barriers and facilitators to applying to university as White disadvantaged students. However, there were some differences, for example, BAME participants stated ‘having no choice’ was a reason to apply to university while White participants did not mention this. Also ~60% of BAME students said they would prefer to study close by compared to far away, while only 46% of White participants said this. Our results support previous findings that financial issues are a key barrier to university access and that outreach activities can act as facilitators to increase university access. However, we compare the unique viewpoints on the barriers and facilitators to university access in Black, Asian and White under-represented students. Based on these views we also make recommendations for future widening participation events targeted at different ethnicities.
Beyond counting the correct responses: Metacognitive monitoring and score estimations in mathematics
(WILEY111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ, 2022) Basokcu, Tahsin Oguz; 0000-0001-5828-1237; 0000-0002-4821-0045; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Guzel, Mehmet Akif
This study investigated how well students differentiate their responses' accuracies (metacognitive monitoring) and estimate their test scores beyond counting—and counting on—the number of correct responses alone. Monitoring abilities of 2832 sixth‐graders (1410 male and 1422 female native in Turkish) at an 11‐item Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)‐equivalent mathematics test were measured via response‐contingent Type‐2 signal detection theory. The students also made score estimations right before and immediately after completing the test (pre‐ and posttest estimations, respectively). Although high‐scoring students underestimated and low‐scoring ones overestimated how they would perform in the test, high‐scorers were accurate in their posttest estimations unlike the low‐scoring group, where the lattaer retained their overestimation tendencies. Having better monitoring performance, the high‐scoring group could subsequently calibrate their posttest estimations. Additional assessment methods such as measuring monitoring and score estimations seem to have the potential to reveal how mathematics students behave before, during, and after responding.
Beyond Moral Foundations: In it What is in it
(Nesne, 2023) Yalçındağ , Bilge; Özkan, Türker; 0000-0001-7867-7845; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Yalçındağ, Bilge
What does morality entail? This question has been answered with a rather narrow outlook in psychological literature for years that is not harming and being fair. With the advance of research on recent decades, the understanding of morality has been quite expanded. Advances in different fields enabled a more comprehensive outlook to morality. Specifically, moral foundations theory (MFT) claimed the existence of other additional moral principles, such as loyalty, authority, and sanctity. The current research inquires lay understanding of morality with two qualitative studies. In the first study, we used MFT’s specific moral foundation definitions to understand how they are perceived by participants. In the second study, we used a more unstructured way and tried to understand how they describe morality, moral person, and immoral person. Results confirmed the pluralistic outlook for the morality, along with some suggestions for the modifications and more concise operational definitions of moral foundations. Liberty, as a late addition was supported as a moral foundation along with broader aspects. The results extend MFT outlook with individual, societal and universal level moral principles and offers new research avenues such as moral emotions, virtues, and vices.
The communication strategies of ideologically polarized civil society organizations on Twitter: the case of Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Akboğa, Sema; Arık, Engin; 0000-0003-0937-9961; 0000-0002-0981-257X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Arık, Engin
We investigated how ideologically polarized civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey use Twitter. We analyzed tweets from 20 CSOs in Turkey for a period of 7 months by using the Information-Community-Action framework. For all types of CSOs, the number of information tweets was higher than the number of action tweets, which, in turn, was higher in number than the community tweets. Religious/ conservative and anti-government CSOs posted signifcantly more tweets than secular and pro-government CSOs, respectively. Religious/conservative and pro-government CSOs posted more information and community tweets than secular and anti-government CSOs, respectively. The number of anti-government CSOs’ action tweets was higher than that of pro-government CSOs. We, therefore, propose that the ideological stance of a CSO is a factor afecting the content of its tweets in societies where CSOs are politically polarized.
Differences in the Self: Clinical Individuals Have Less Individuation and Promotion, but More Prevention
(HOGREFE AG-HOGREFE AG SUISSE, 2023) Yalcindag, Bilge; 0000-0001-7867-7845; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Yalcindag, Bilge
This research aimed to compare two samples (clinical and university) in terms of basic self-orientations and self-regulation strategies. We expected lower scores on basic self-orientations and promotion, and higher scores on prevention in the clinical sample. The balanced model of self claims that the flourishing of basic self-orientations (individuation and relatedness) is related to better psychological functioning. However, this claim was never tested in a clinical sample. Additionally, the regulatory focus theory, a theory of self-regulation, claims that to reach desired end states, individuals use two systems: promotion (advancement, accomplishment) and prevention (conservation, security). Individuals with psychopathology symptoms may use promotion less and prevention more. The clinical sample consisted of 91 people (55 females, 36 males) who were under a psychological/psychiatric treatment due to various mental health complaints (Mage=29.3, SD=5.95, Range=18-42). Most of them had at least university degrees (69%). The second sample consisted of 94 university students (63 females, 30 males; Mage=23.9, SD=2.22, Range=22-34). The first MANCOVA, comparing clinical vs. university samples on individuation and relatedness controlling for age and gender, revealed a group effect (F(2,171)=4.751, p=.01, Wilks’ Lambda=0.95, partial η2=.53). Individuation was lower in clinical sample (M=4.90) than university sample (M=5.29). The second MANCOVA showed a group effect on the promotion and prevention (F(2,171)=13.574, p=.000, Wilks’ Lambda=0.86, partial η2=0.14). Promotion was lower in clinical sample (M=19.74) than in university sample (M=22.37), however prevention was higher (M=17.52) than university sample (M=15.56). The psychological symptoms varied in clinical sample, and were not assessed in university sample. Individuals in clinical sample were less likely to have an individuated self, to regulate themselves with promotion, but more likely to regulate themselves with prevention. Researchers and clinicians should work on thwarted self-orientations and dysfunctional self-regulation strategies.
Effects of COVID-19 on Adolescent Mental Health and Internet Use by Ethnicity and Gender: A Mixed-Method Study
(MDPIST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2022) Kaya, M. Siyabend; McCabe, Ciara; 0000-0001-8704-3473; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, M. Siyabend
Evidence suggests that mental health problems in young people have been exacerbated by COVID-19, possibly related to a lack of social connection. Young people report using the internet for connecting with their peers and mental health support. However, how they may have used the internet for support during COVID-19 is not clear. We wanted to know how mood and internet use may have changed in young people during COVID-19 and if this was different for those with and without depression symptoms. 108 adolescents were recruited. Participants with high and low levels of depressive symptomatology answered questions about their mood, internet use, loneliness and life satisfaction during July and August 2020. We found that the high depression group reported significantly more loneliness and less life satisfaction than the low depression group. We found that most young people used the internet for mental health information during COVID-19 but that the high depression group used the internet more for mental health information than the low depression group. The high depression group also had a worsening of mood compared to the low depression group during COVID-19. We found that Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic participants reported increased use of the internet compared to White participants during COVID-19 and that the role of the family facilitated coping during COVID-19 for some adolescents, but for others, it made the lockdown more difficult. Finally, we found that adolescents perceived school anxiety as stressful as COVID-19. To conclude this study supports the use of the internet as a way to help young people with mental health challenges. It also suggests that the internet is a way to help young people from ethnic minorities, who otherwise might be hard to reach, during challenging times. This study also shows that supportive family units can be important during times of stress for young people and that school anxiety is a major issue for young people in today’s society even outside of the pandemic.
Knowledge about others' knowledge: how accurately do teachers estimate their students' test scores?
(SPRINGER, 2023) Guzel, Mehmet Akif; Basokcu, Tahsin Oguz; 0000-0001-5828-1237; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Guzel, Mehmet Akif
Besides learners' awareness of their knowledge, a growing number of studies also emphasise the importance of teachers' awareness of how well their students perform to adjust their teaching strategies accordingly. Therefore, proposing a multi-layered metacognitive regulatory model in teaching first, we investigated whether estimation type, item difficulty, and class performance affect teachers' judgment accuracies ([JAs], i.e., score estimations). Teachers (N=38) of 86 classes made item-by-item and overall estimations of their classes' test scores (N=2608 sixth-graders native in Turkish) at a PISA-equivalent mathematics test that was developed in the earliest phase of the current long-term research project. The results showed that teachers' item-by-item estimations were below their classes' actual performance, unlike their overall estimations. Teachers of low-performance classes were less accurate than those of high-performance classes. These teachers also showed the clearest underestimation for the easy questions, whereas teachers of high-performance classes overestimated their classes' scores for the difficult questions. This dissociation implied that the teachers 'must have' primarily used their perceptions about their classes (e.g., classes' existing performance) as a mnemonic judgment cue rather than item difficulty as an external cue when making their score estimations. The implications of the results were discussed in the light of existing literature and suggestions for prospective research were given.
Metacognitive Monitoring and Mathematical Abilities: Cognitive Diagnostic Model and Signal Detection Theory Approach
(Türk Eğitim Derneği (TEDMEM), 2021) Başokçu, Oğuz Tahsin; Güzel, Mehmet Akif; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5828-1237; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Güzel, Mehmet Akif
Öğrencilerin matematik becerilerinin belirlenmesinde, diğer birçok sınıf içi değerlendirmenin yanında, PISA (Uluslararası Değerlendirme Programı) ve TIMMS (Uluslararası Matematik ve Fen Eğilimleri Araştırması) gibi çeşitli ülkelerde standart olarak kullanılan ölçme araçları bulunmaktadır. Ülkelerarası uygulanan bu geniş ölçekli testlerdeki soru içerikleri, soru yanıtlama türü, puanlanmalar ve analiz yöntemleri yıllar içinde çeşitlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, PISA matematik testine ait becerilerin değerlendirmesinde daha önceden kullanılmamış olan Bilişsel Tanı Modeli (BTM) ve Sinyal Tespit Kuramı’na (STK) ait analiz yöntemleri birlikte kullanılarak bu becerilerin tek bir test prosedürü içinde belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda rastgele örnekleme yöntemiyle İzmir ilinden belirlen 6. Sınıf öğrencilerine (N=230), PISA matematik testi eşdeğerliğinde farklı madde formatlarının kullanıldığı (çoktan seçmeli, doğru yanlış, kısa cevaplı) ve doğru/yanlış olarak dikatomik şekilde puanlanan 12 sorudan oluşan bir matematik testi uygulanmıştır. BTM ölçümleri DINA (the Deterministic Input Noisy Output and Gate) model kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. STK yöntemiyle ise, bireyin doğru ve yanlış yanıtlarını ayırt edebilme becerisi olarak tanımlanan “üstbilişsel izleme” performansının ölçülmesi amacıyla, katılımcılardan her bir soru maddesi için sırasıyla, soruyu çözüp çözemeyeceğini belirtmesi, doğru yanıtlayabileceğini düşünmemiş olsa bile bir tahminde bulunması ve verdiği yanıtların doğruluğundan ne kadar emin olduklarını derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Üstbilişsel izleme performansı, özetle, katılımcıların gerçekte doğru olan yanıtlarında soruyu yanıtlayabileceğini seçip yüksek eminlik düzeyleri vermesi, yanlış olan yanıtlarında ise soruyu yanıtlayabileceğini düşünmemesini ve tahminleri için düşük eminlik düzeyleri vermesiyle, yanıtlarının doğru ve yanlış olarak ayrımını ne kadar iyi yapabildiğinin puanlanmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, PISA testinin BTM yöntemine iyi uyum sağladığını göstermiş ve BTM yöntemiyle belirlenen dört temel beceriden (“ilişkilendirme ve iletişim”, “matematikleştirme”, “akıl yürütme ve strateji geliştirme” ve “sembolik ve teknik dil kullanımı”) özellikle “akıl yürütme ve strateji geliştirme” becerisi yüksek olan öğrencilerin üstbilişsel izleme performanslarının da yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma, doğru ve yanlış yanıtları yüksek oranda ayırt edebilme becerisinin gerçekte hangi özelliklerle ilişkili olduğunun bulunması konusundaki çalışmalarına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bulgular temelinde, üstbilişsel izleme becerisinin özgül olarak “akıl yürütme ve strateji geliştirme” olarak gözlenen alt özelliğe sahip olmakla ilişkili olabileceği önerilmiştir. Ek olarak, PISA testinde -veya herhangi bir başka de olabileceği gibi- üstbilişsel izleme performansının STK ölçüm metodu gibi görece kolay ek bir test prosedürüyle ölçülerek, testte ölçülen becerilerin yanında öğrencilerin diğer ilgili üst-düzey becerileri hakkında da bilgiler elde edilebileceği önerilmektedir.
Polarisation over the meaning of democracy: The case of political parties in Turkey
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2023) Akboga, Sema; Sahin, Osman; Arik, Engin; 0000-0002-0981-257X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Arik, Engin
As the primary means of political organisation, political parties remain vital to contemporary democracies, making it important to investigate their understanding of democracy. This study explores the themes with which five largest political parties in Turkey associate democracy. We studied tweets posted by official accounts of these parties’ headquarters and branches, as well as by other Twitter accounts that are institutionally linked to these parties. We found significant differences between the government bloc and the opposition bloc as well as between People Alliance and Nation Alliance in terms of the themes with which they associate democracy. The government bloc and People Alliance use themes such as national will and military coups while referring to democracy. The opposition bloc and Nation Alliance emphasise themes such as equality, freedom of the press, and justice. We conclude that parties’ and blocs’ different attitudes towards democracy are indicators of political polarisation in Turkey.
Stress Regulation via Being in Nature and Social Support in Adults, a Meta-analysis
(UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS, 2023) Sparacio, Alessandro; Ropovik, Ivan; iga-Boy, Gabriela; Lagap, Adar Cem; IJzerman, Hans; 0000-0002-4912-0578; AGÜ; Lagap, Adar Cem
In this meta-analysis, the authors investigated whether being in nature and emotional social support are reliable strategies to downregulate stress. We retrieved all the relevant articles that investigated a connection between one of these two strategies and stress. For being in nature we found 54 effects reported in 16 papers (total N = 1,697, MdnN = 52.5), while for emotional social support we found 18 effects reported in 13 papers (total N = 3,787, MdnN = 186). Although we initially found an effect for being in nature and emotional social support on stress (Hedges' g =-.42; Hedges' g =-.14, respectively), the effect only held for being in nature after applying our main publication bias correction technique (Hedges' g =-.60). The emotional social support literature also had a high risk of bias. Although the being-in-nature literature was moderately powered (.72) to detect effects of Cohen's d = .50 or larger, the risk of bias was considerable, and the reporting contained numerous statistical reporting errors.
Testing a Metacognitive Regulation Approach for Judgment of Satiation: Might Hunger and Fullness not be the Polar Opposites of the Same Dimension?
(TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi, 2020) Mehmet Akif GÜZEL; Duygu GÜNGÖR; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Despite the existence of several cognitive influences, metacognitive factors on eating and satiation still remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated a relatively recent metacognitive regulation approach and its measurement method in a lab-experiment.Participants (N=216) were shownphotografsof varying portions of common lunch foods (selected after a separate study, N=94) and asked to makepredicted judgmentsof satiation (JOS) for each via considering their actual hunger levels and whilst imagining other bodily states (e.g., extremely hungry and completely full). Differencescalculated between observed-JOS and their reference scores -thosepresumed to yield accurate matches for the cases-produced either deviances or none at all (discordant-or concordant-JOS). Hungry-group yielded significantly lower concordant-JOS percentage than full-group regardless of portion size, indicating a clearercognitive tendency to lose control over consumption when being hungry than satiated. Critically, full-group could notimagine extreme hunger as hungry-group whereas hungry-group imagined complete fullness just as full-group did, suggesting that whilst hunger was not an obstacle to imagine fullness,fullness hindered the ability to imagine hunger. These findingssuggestthathunger and fullness mightnotbe the polar opposites on the very same dimension, which would, for instance,reveal a need to revisit the treatments of eating disorders accordingly.
The Use of Dynamic Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (DCBT) in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): A Theoretical Integration Initiative
(MDPIST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2022) Kaya, M. Siyabend; 0000-0001-9614-249X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Kaya, M. Siyabend
Psychotherapy theorists can often become fervent advocates of the schools they follow and place the doctrines of the theories they adopt above all else. This situation can sometimes turn into a war of theories between researchers as well. However, therapists should not aim to shape therapy sessions according to their methods but to use them in line with clients’ needs. Although it is emphasised that the integration of both psychoanalytic and cognitive behavioural therapy techniques, which is going to be named dynamic cognitive behavioural therapy (DCBT) in this case report, will provide more effective and permanent treatment, a discernible gap exists regarding the integration of these theories and their use in psychotherapy. Taking into account this gap, it is considered important to use this approach with a client who has a social anxiety disorder (SAD). Therefore, this study aims to describe the almost forgotten DCBT approach step by step through a case report and reveal the effectiveness of this approach. As a result, DCBT seems to be effective in the treatment of SAD.
What Does the Bibliometrics of an Interdisciplinary Field Tell Us?: The Case of Cognitive Science
(Seoul National University, Institute for Cognitive Science, 2023) Arik, Beril T.; Arik, Engin; 0000-0002-0981-257X; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü; Arik, Engin
This study investigated the bibliometric characteristics of an interdisciplinary field, Cognitive Science, which consists of contributions from diverse fields such as psychology, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology, among others. The results showed that there were 4,711 publications in Web of Science between 1900 and 2017, with an exponential increase in the number of publications in recent years. About two-thirds of publications were classified as social science, of which 41% were in the field of psychology. Seventy percent of the publications were journal articles, half of the publications were written by researchers in the USA, and 95% of the publications were in English. Corpus analyses of abstracts and keywords showed that frequently used words included cognitive, science, research, theory, model, cognition, information, learning, and psychology. These analyses also showed that research in this field centered on the common themes of cognition, information, psychology, language, learning, representation, artificial intelligence, and mind before 2010 and focused on more restricted themes such as embodied and extended cognition, morality and religion, quantum, and music after 2010.

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