Yeni Nesil Membran Üretimi ve Meyve Suyu Endüstrisinde Uygulamaları
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Date
2018, 2018
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Abdullah Gül Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Gıda endüstrisinde kullanılan membran ayırma süreçleri, geleneksel yöntemlerle kıyaslandığında; işletim süresini ve maaliyeti azaltma ve aynı zaman da ürünün besinsel bileşenlerini ve duyusal karakterini koruma gibi önemli avantajlara sahiptir. UF membranlar, bulanıklığa neden olan, askıdaki proteinler, yağ ve polisakkaritler gibi büyük molekülleri gidererek berraklaştıma sağlamak için kullanılırlar. UF membranlar, uygun maaliyet, yüksek film oluşturma özelliği, üstün kimyasal ve termal direnç gibi birçok avantaja sahip olmasına rağmen, tıkanma problemi en büyük dezavantajıdır. Bu sorunun üstesinden gelmek için, bir çok araştırmacı membran hidrofilikliğni ve tıkanma direncini artırmak için membran modifikasyonu üzerine çalışmışlardır. Bu çalışmada, membranın yapısal ve morfolojik özelliklerini değiştirmek için, PSF/PEI (20%/2%) UF ve PSF/PEI (17%/2%) MF membranlara farklı konsantrasyonlarda (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 %) TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparçacıları eklenerek, faz dönüşümü yöntemi ile nanokompozit membranlar hazırlanmıştır. Döhler Gıda San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.(Karaman, Türkiye) firmasından temin edilen elma ve nar suyu pulp örnekleri, sırasıyla çapraz akış filtrasyon sistemi ve sonlu filtrasyon sitemi 5.4 bar da işletilerek, berraklaştırılmıştır. Üretilen yeni nesil nanokompozit membranlar, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spekrometre (FT-IR), temas açısı, gözeneklilik ve saf su akısı ölçümleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Ayrıca, üretilen nanokompozit membranların tıkanma direç performansının tayini için, akı geri kazanım oranı (FRR), saf su akı azalma oranı (DR) ve bağıl akı azalma oranı (RFR) hesaplanmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, elde edilen berrak elma ve nar suyu renk, bulanıklık, toplam çözünmüş madde, toplam antioksidan aktivitesi (ABTS radikal yakalama metodu ve DPPH radikal yakalama metodu) ve toplam fenolik madde analizleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Ayrıca, berrak nar suyu için toplam monomerik antosiyanin tayini yapılmıştır. Üretilen nanokompozit membranlar kullanılarak elde edilen berrak meyve suyu analiz sonuçları, firmadan temin edilen berrak meyve suları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Membran ve meyve suyu karakterizasyon sonuçları, üretilen yeni nesil nanokompozit membranların, elma ve nar suyu berraklaştırmasında etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Üretilen nanokompozit membranlar arasında %0.01 TiO2 eklenen PSF/PEI UF membran ve %0.05 Al2O3 eklenen PSF/PEI MF membranlar, sırasıyla elma ve nar suyu berraklaştırması açısından üstün performans göstermiştir.
When membrane processes are compared to conventional processes, they have significant advantages for instance, providing decrease in operation time and cost with saving nutritious components and sensory parameters in food production plants. Especially, in fruit juice industry, UF membranes are utilized for clarification by eliminating big molecules like suspend proteins, fat and polysaccharides, which leads turbidity. Although, UF membranes have many advantages like its affordable cost, higher film forming ability, excellent mechanical properties, and superior chemical and thermal resistance, it has a major drawback leading the fouling of the membrane. To get rid of this problem, many researchers focused on the modification of membrane surface to both increase hydrophilicity and enhance antifouling characteristics. In this study, PSF/PEI (20wt%, 2wt%) UF membranes and PSF/PEI (17wt%, 2wt%) MF membranes were prepared with the addition of different concentrations of TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 wt %) using phase inversion method to alter the structural and morphological properties of membranes. Turbid apple and pomegranate juice samples supplied from Döhler Inc. (Karaman, Turkey) were clarified by using cross flow membrane filtration system and dead-end filtration system at 5.4 bar trans-membrane pressure, respectively. Prepared nanocomposite membranes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), water-contact angle porosity and pure water flux. To investigate fouling resistance of nanocomposite membranes flux recovery ratio (FRR), flux decay ratio (DR), relative flux reduction (RFR) values were also calculated. In addition, clarified apple and pomegranate juice samples were characterized in terms of color, turbidity, total soluble solid, total antioxidant capacity (ABTS radical scavenging method and DPPH radical scavenging method) and total phenolic content. Total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of pomegranate juice was also determined. The clarified juices obtained using new generation nanocomposite membranes were compared with the clarified product juice samples supplied from Döhler Inc. Membrane characterization and fruit juice characterization results demonstrated that fabricated new generation nanocomposite membranes were effective in apple and pomegranate juice clarification. Among these fabricated new generation nanocomposite membranes, the ones prepared with the addition of 0.01% of TiO2 UF membrane and prepared with the addition of 0.05% Al2O3 MF membrane exhibits superior performance in terms of clarification of apple juice and pomegranate juice, respectively.
When membrane processes are compared to conventional processes, they have significant advantages for instance, providing decrease in operation time and cost with saving nutritious components and sensory parameters in food production plants. Especially, in fruit juice industry, UF membranes are utilized for clarification by eliminating big molecules like suspend proteins, fat and polysaccharides, which leads turbidity. Although, UF membranes have many advantages like its affordable cost, higher film forming ability, excellent mechanical properties, and superior chemical and thermal resistance, it has a major drawback leading the fouling of the membrane. To get rid of this problem, many researchers focused on the modification of membrane surface to both increase hydrophilicity and enhance antifouling characteristics. In this study, PSF/PEI (20wt%, 2wt%) UF membranes and PSF/PEI (17wt%, 2wt%) MF membranes were prepared with the addition of different concentrations of TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 wt %) using phase inversion method to alter the structural and morphological properties of membranes. Turbid apple and pomegranate juice samples supplied from Döhler Inc. (Karaman, Turkey) were clarified by using cross flow membrane filtration system and dead-end filtration system at 5.4 bar trans-membrane pressure, respectively. Prepared nanocomposite membranes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), water-contact angle porosity and pure water flux. To investigate fouling resistance of nanocomposite membranes flux recovery ratio (FRR), flux decay ratio (DR), relative flux reduction (RFR) values were also calculated. In addition, clarified apple and pomegranate juice samples were characterized in terms of color, turbidity, total soluble solid, total antioxidant capacity (ABTS radical scavenging method and DPPH radical scavenging method) and total phenolic content. Total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of pomegranate juice was also determined. The clarified juices obtained using new generation nanocomposite membranes were compared with the clarified product juice samples supplied from Döhler Inc. Membrane characterization and fruit juice characterization results demonstrated that fabricated new generation nanocomposite membranes were effective in apple and pomegranate juice clarification. Among these fabricated new generation nanocomposite membranes, the ones prepared with the addition of 0.01% of TiO2 UF membrane and prepared with the addition of 0.05% Al2O3 MF membrane exhibits superior performance in terms of clarification of apple juice and pomegranate juice, respectively.
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Engineering Sciences, Mühendislik Bilimleri
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