Tarımsal-Endüstri Atıkları Üzerinde Yetiştirilen Trichoderma Harzianum Kullanılarak Bitki Patojenlerine Karşı Sürdürülebilir Bir Biyofungisit Geliştirilmesi
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2025
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Tarım uygulamaları, birçok endüstri için özellikle de gıda üretimi için hayati öneme sahiptir. Tarımsal ürünler, yetiştirme sürecinden tüketime kadar olan tedarik zinciri boyunca her yıl %80 ürün kaybıyla sonuçlanabilen çeşitli zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Ürün kaybını en aza indirmek için çeşitli çözüm stratejileri geliştirilmiş olsa da yaygın olarak kullanılan kimyasal ürünler canlılara ve çevreye zarar vermektedir. Kimyasalların yan etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak için biyolojik alternatiflerin kullanımı önemle teşvik edilmektedir. Trichoderma harzianum, mikoparazitizm, besin ve alan için rekabet avantajı ve antimikrobiyal sekonder metabolit üretimi gibi antagonistik aktiviteleri ile bitki gelişimini destekleyici özellikleri sayesinde iyi bilinen bir biyokontrol ajanıdır. Bu çalışmada, T. harzianum'un, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Colletotrichum coccodes ve Botrytis cinerea olmak üzere beş fitopatojene karşı antifungal aktiviteleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, T. harzianum tarafından üretilen uçucu ve uçucu olmayan organik bileşiklerin söz konusu patojenler üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. En güçlü inhibisyon %96,76 ile C. coccodes'e karşı gözlemlenmiştir, benzer şekilde diğer fitopatojenlere karşı da umut verici antagonistik aktivitesi bulunmuştur. Bitki gelişimini teşvik edici özellikleri de incelenmiş ve indol-3-asetik asit ile siderofor üretimi gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, T. harzianum'un inkübasyonu için sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu bir yaklaşım olarak, ayrıca tarımsal-endüstri atıklarının değer kazanımına ve döngüsel ekonomiye katkı sağlayan elma posası bazlı bir besiyeri ortamı oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, T. harzianum'un çevre dostu bir biyofungisit ve biyogübre adayı olarak tarımda kullanılabilirliğini desteklemektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Biyofungisit, T. harzianum, Elma Posası, Fitopatojenler, Mikoparazitizm
Agricultural practices are crucial for many industries, particularly for food production. Agricultural crops face various challenges throughout the supply chain, from cultivation to consumption, resulting in up to 80% crop loss each year. Several solution strategies have been developed to minimize crop loss. However, chemical products, which are commonly used to combat phytopathogens, exhibit harm to living organisms, nature, water resources, and soil structure. The use of biological alternatives is promoted to eliminate the side effects of chemicals. Trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biocontrol agent with its antagonistic activities through mycoparasitism, competition for nutrients and space, and the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, while simultaneously promoting plant growth. In this study, the antifungal activities of T. harzianum against five phytopathogens, which are Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Colletotrichum coccodes, and Botrytis cinerea, were demonstrated. Additionally, the effects of both non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by T. harzianum were tested against these phytopathogens. The strongest inhibitory activity was 96.76% against C. coccodes, similarly there were promising antagonistic activity against other phytopathogens. Its growth-promoting properties were also assessed, and indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore production was observed. Moreover, the cultivation of T. harzianum was conducted on a medium based on apple pomace for a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach, contributing to the circular economy and valorization of the agro-industrial waste. These findings highlight the potential of T. harzianum as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides and as a plant growth-promoting agent in sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Biofungicide, T. harzianum, Apple Pomace, Phytopathogens, Mycoparasitism
Agricultural practices are crucial for many industries, particularly for food production. Agricultural crops face various challenges throughout the supply chain, from cultivation to consumption, resulting in up to 80% crop loss each year. Several solution strategies have been developed to minimize crop loss. However, chemical products, which are commonly used to combat phytopathogens, exhibit harm to living organisms, nature, water resources, and soil structure. The use of biological alternatives is promoted to eliminate the side effects of chemicals. Trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biocontrol agent with its antagonistic activities through mycoparasitism, competition for nutrients and space, and the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, while simultaneously promoting plant growth. In this study, the antifungal activities of T. harzianum against five phytopathogens, which are Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Colletotrichum coccodes, and Botrytis cinerea, were demonstrated. Additionally, the effects of both non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by T. harzianum were tested against these phytopathogens. The strongest inhibitory activity was 96.76% against C. coccodes, similarly there were promising antagonistic activity against other phytopathogens. Its growth-promoting properties were also assessed, and indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore production was observed. Moreover, the cultivation of T. harzianum was conducted on a medium based on apple pomace for a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach, contributing to the circular economy and valorization of the agro-industrial waste. These findings highlight the potential of T. harzianum as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides and as a plant growth-promoting agent in sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Biofungicide, T. harzianum, Apple Pomace, Phytopathogens, Mycoparasitism
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Biyomühendislik, Biyoteknoloji, Mikrobiyoloji, Mikrobiyoloji, Sürdürülebilir Tarım, Bioengineering, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Microbiology, Sustainable Agriculture
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Sustainable Development Goals
3
GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

4
QUALITY EDUCATION

9
INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
