Browsing by Author "Yilmaz, Cagatay"

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A Parametric Study for Drilling High Quality Holes on Glass Fiber Composites
(2022) Yilmaz, Cagatay; Kesriklioglu, Sinan
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the qual- ity of holes drilled in a glass fiber reinforced thermoset polymer with the delamination factor defined as the ratio of intended hole diameter to the diameter of the maximum area which contains both hole and delaminated area. For this purpose, Taguchi's L9 or- thogonal array was used to design the experiments and optimize the drilling parameters. 5 mm twist drill bits were used to drill the holes at various feeds and spindle speeds. The maximum diameters on the inlet and outlet sides of the holes drilled into the composite plates were then measured with an optical microscope to analyze the influence of the drilling parameters on the machining damage. The smallest delaminated area on the front and back sides of the composite plate was achieved with the lowest feed (0.05 mm/rev) for the drilling parameters used in this study. Even though the spindle speed was increased from 318 rpm to 2930 rpm at a constant feed of 0.05 mm/rev, it reduces the maximum diameter on the front and back sides by 9 μm and 266 μm, respectively. The obtained results showed that the material removal rates in the drilling of the glass fiber reinforced thermoset polymers can be increased significantly by setting the optimized process pa- rameters without adversely affecting the hole quality.
Application of Hooke’s Law to Angle Ply Lamina
(2022) Yilmaz, Cagatay; Ali, Hafiz Qasim; Yildiz, Mehmet
Aerospace-grade carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite plates with four different fiber orientations 0º, 30º, 45ºand 60º is produced with the autoclave curing method and subjected to tensile testing. The stress-strain curves of the composite specimens are compared with Hooke’s law. It is observed that Hooke’s law coincides precisely with the experimental results for samples containing fibers parallel to the loading direction. However, it does not coincide with samples where the fibers make a certain angle with the applied load direction.. Moreover, it is reported that Hooke’s law converges the experimental results for small strain values but diverges significantly from the experimental results at higher strain values.
Citation - WoS: 14
Citation - Scopus: 13
Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymers: A Recent Approach to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
(Wiley, 2025) Fareez, Umar Naseef Mohamed; Loudiy, Aymen; Erkartal, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Cagatay
Electromagnetic wave (EMW) radiation pollution is getting more severe as result of the advancement of electronic technology. Researching shielding materials with superior EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding characteristics is therefore crucial. Basalt fibers (BFs) have been an emerging candidate in the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) category due to their favorable mechanical and chemical properties, along with being favorites in sustainability and having low production costs. Therefore, due to the rising need for cheaper and efficient alternatives in the EMI shielding industry, the EMI shielding is covered in terms of BF composite materials and their properties in this review, starting with the EMI shielding mechanism and followed by how BF composites affect the EMI properties. This review then covers the post-treatments of BF composites and, finally, the factors of the composites that affect the EMI properties. Moreover, the EMI shielding applications in which BFRPs are used are comprehensively discussed as well. This review aspires to bridge an understanding between EMI shielding as a material property and the BF composites that are developed to aid in the EMI shielding application.
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 11
Monitoring and Verification of Micro-Strain Generated Inside the Laminate Subjected to Thermal Loading Through Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Classical Laminate Theory
(Wiley, 2023) Yilmaz, Cagatay; Ali, Hafiz Qasim; Yildiz, Mehmet
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors possess enormous potential for the cure monitoring and integrity assessment of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites. These sensors can be embedded inside the structure to monitor the strain in the desired region of interest. The strain on an FBG sensor can be calculated by measuring the change in the center wavelength of the sensor. This change in center wavelength is a function of temperature and mechanical strain. Therefore, temperature compensation is necessary for a precise mechanical strain measurement with an FBG sensor. In this study, FBG sensors are embedded in different layers of the CFRP laminate to record the mechanical strain caused by the thermal expansion, which happens under the influence of temperature. Classical laminate theory (CLT) is implemented to assess the accuracy of FBG sensor measurements and the strain data acquired from both FBG sensor and CLT correlates. Furthermore, a resistive strain gauge is deployed to measure the strain under the influence of temperature. It is depicted that strain values recorded by the strain gauge under the influence of the temperature do not agree with the strain measured by CLT, and an error of 150% occurs among their values.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 14
The Effect of Different Tabbing Methods on the Damage Progression and Failure of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Material Under Tensile Loading
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Ali, Hafiz Qasim; Yilmaz, Cagatay; Yildiz, Mehmet
Composites are well-known and widely used materials due to their anisotropic nature and high strength-to-weight ratio; therefore, the mechanical performance of these materials is crucial. Precise tensile testing is essential to obtain material properties that are crucial for the design stage of composite structures. This study is an effort to investigate the effect of adhesive materials used for tabbing process, which is necessary for the tensile testing procedure. Araldite and AF 163-2k film are used as the adhesive film, whereas in the case of AF 163-2k, tabbing is done through two different procedures (Jig and corner holes method). Apart from the tensile per-formance, strain distribution and damage progression are monitored simultaneously using digital image corre-lation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) analysis. It is observed that there is no significant difference in the ultimate tensile strength of these composites tabbed with different adhesives and procedures. Nevertheless, the first major failure strength is much higher in Araldite tabbed specimens compared to AF 163-2k film (the first major failure activity is defined as a point at which material loses its integrity, especially when considering structural or aerospace applications). Also, strain distribution throughout the gauge length recorded via DIC is appreciably different, which is attributed to damage accumulation and progression monitored by AE analysis. The frequency-based analysis of AE data is performed to classify the damage, and cumulative energy is correlated with the DIC to navigate the failure activity at different times and stress levels.
Performance Evaluation of Energy Companies With a Novel Integrated Multi- Criteria Decision Making Method
(Kafkas University Iibf, 2022) Madenoglu, Fatma Selen; Unlusoy, Omer Faruk; Yilmaz, Cagatay
Financial statements are an important tool for assessing and analyzing an organization's financial performance. Financial performance analysis allows for an accurate and appropriate appraisal of an organization's performance. The evaluation procedure must be thoroughly stated because financial performance indicators represent a company's competitiveness. This study provides a novel integrated multi-criteria decision-making method for analyzing an organization's financial performance. The applicability of the proposed method is assessed employing financial ratios that are integrated to generate a financial performance score for eight well-known Turkish energy companies. The criteria are weighted using the entropy method in the proposed method. The multi- attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method is used to rank the companies. As the weights of the criteria have an impact on the ranking outcomes, a sensitivity analysis of the weights is performed. We also exhibit a comparison analysis of energy company rankings to validate the proposed approach's results using four MCDM methods: ELECTRE, MAUT, TOPSIS, and WASPAS. In addition, an alternative weighting method is also used to evaluate the results. The results show that the proposed method is an effective MCDM for coping with evaluation problems.
Application of Classical Lamination Theory to Fused Deposition Method 3-D Printed Plastics and Full Field Surface Strain Mapping
(2022) Yilmaz, Cagatay; Ali, Hafiz Qasim; Yildiz, Mehmet
Bu çalışmada üç boyutlu yazıcı ile Eriyik Yığma Modellemesi (EYM) yöntemi kullanılarak farklı yazma yönlerindeki katmanlara sahip toplamda beş set çekme örneği üretilmiştir. Üretilen üç farklı sete çekme testi yapılarak farklı yönlerdeki elastik sabitler daha sonra Klasik Laminasyon Teorisinde (KLT) kullanılmak üzere ölçülmüştür. Klasik Laminasyon Teorisi genel olarak tek yönlü fiberler ihtiva eden polimerik yapıların modellenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile KLT üç boyutlu yazıcı ile üretilen ve içerisinde herhangi bir fiber takviyesi ihtiva etmeyen ve her katmanda yazma yönleri değişen iki farklı polimerik yapıya uygulanmıştır.KLT ile elde edilen gerinim ve gerilme değerleri çekme deneyi ile elde edilen gerinim ve gerilme değerleri ile karşılaştırmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre düşük gerinim değerleri için KLT ile elde edilen sonuçların deneysel sonuçlar ile uyumlu olduğu, yalnız gerinim değeri arttıkça KLT ile hesaplanan değerlerinin deneysel değerlerden uzaklaştığı görülmüştür.Daha sonra ise Eriyik Yığma Modelleme Yöntemi ile üretilen üç boyutlu plastiklerin hasar ilerlemesi ve kırılması Dijital Görüntü Korelasyon Tekniği ile Tam Alanlı Yüzey Gerinim Haritalanması kullanılarak çıkarılmıştır.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 5
Experimental and Statistical Damage Analysis in Milling of S2-Glass Fiber/Epoxy and Basalt Fiber/Epoxy Composites
(Wiley, 2024) Sayin, Ahmed Cagri; Danisman, Sengul; Ersoy, Emin; Yilmaz, Cagatay; Kesriklioglu, Sinan
S2-glass fiber reinforced plastics (S2-GFRP) and basalt fiber reinforced plastics (BFRP) have emerged as crucial materials due to their exceptional mechanical properties, and milling of composite materials plays an important role in achieving desired properties. However, they have proven challenges due to relative inhomogeneity compared with metals, resulting unpredictability in quality of milling operations. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of cutting parameters, tool geometry and tool surface materials on the surface quality of composites using burrs as a metric. S2-GFRP and BFRP composites were produced by the vacuum infusion method. Helical and straight flute end mills were manufactured from high-speed steel (HSS) and carbide rounds, and half of them were coated with titanium nitride using reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Taguchi L18 orthogonal array is used to determine the effect of tool material, tool angle, coating, cutting direction, spindle speed, and feed rate on the machining quality of S2-GFRPs and BFRPs with respect to burr formations. Milling experiments were conducted under dry conditions and then the burrs were imaged to calculate the total area and length. Statistical analysis was also performed to optimize the machining parameters and tool type for ensuring the structural integrity and performance of the final composite parts. The results showed that the selection of tool material has the most significant impact on the burr area and length of the machined surface. The novel image analysis allows to analyze the extent of the burr size with a desirable operation speed for industrial applications.
Failure Analysis of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printed Poly Lactic Acid Polymer
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2025) Yilmaz, Cagatay; Eltahir, Sara Saeed Abdulrahman
Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing (AM), has emerged as one of the most transformative technological advances in the last few decades in global manufacturing, as it allows for the production of intricate components without the use of costly molds. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is widely adopted among various AM techniques due to its accessibility and effectiveness. FDM 3D-printed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid) shows a transversely isotopic symmetry similar to laminated composite structures. Therefore, classical lamination theory can be applied to FDM 3D-printed PLA. This study attempts to expand the knowledge by relying on classical lamination theory and several imposed failure theories like maximum stress, Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu, and Hashin to determine how FDM 3D printing of PLA fails. We investigate eight different raster orientations (0 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, and 90 degrees) and compare the theoretical prediction of strength with experimental findings. With this comprehensive analysis, we are seeking to better understand the failure analysis of FDM 3D printed PLA. The maximum stress, Tsai-Wu, Tsai-Hill, and Hashin failure theories show good agreement with experimental findings for 0 degrees and 90 degrees raster orientations. As the raster orientation shifts from 0 degrees, the discrepancy between experimental results and theoretical predictions increases, peaks at mid-angles, and then decreases, becoming negligible at 90 degrees.
Effect of Crosshead Displacements Rates on the Out of Plane Mechanical Properties of S2-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers
(2025) Yilmaz, Cagatay; Eltahir, Sara Saeed Abdulrahman
Test hızları, fiber takviyeli polimerik malzemelerin mekanik tepkisini değiştiren önemli parametrelerdir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, düzlem dışı yükleme koşulu altında farklı test hızları ile S2-cam elyaf takviyeli polimerik malzemelerin eğilme davranışlarını incelenmiştir. Düzlem dışı yükleme koşulu üç noktalı eğilme fikstürüyle sağlanmıştır. 2 mm/dk, 20 mm/dk, 40 mm/dk ve 60 mm/dk olmak üzere dört farklı test hızı bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Maksimum yükte sehim miktarı, eğilme modülü ve eğilme mukavemeti test hızına bağlı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Test hızı 2 mm/dk’dan 20 mm/dk ve oradan da 40 mm/dk'ya çıktıkça hem eğilme mukavemetinin hem de eğilme modülünün artış eğilimi gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, test hızı 40 mm/dk'dan 60 mm/dk'ya yükseldiğinde eğilme mukavemetinde ve modülde bir düşüş gözlemlenmiştir.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals To Distinguish the Different Damage Types for Fiber-Reinforced Polymers: A Review
(Wiley, 2025) Yilmaz, Cagatay
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) attract the attention of key industries, such as aerospace, wind energy, and automotive, as they can reduce the weight of structural components without compromising their mechanical properties. Due to FRP's anisotropic and non-homogeneous structure, their failure under different loading conditions and the corresponding failure mechanisms must be investigated. One method that progressively monitors the failure of FRP underload is Acoustic Emission (AE). AE can register the elastic stress waves in the form of digitized waveforms, released by the discontinuous events that occur in the FRP under load. These discontinuities can be clustered and identified as transverse cracking, fiber/matrix interface debonding, delamination, and fiber failure by analyzing the AE waveforms. Recently, numerous clustering approaches using machine learning algorithms, along with the varying features of AE waveforms, have been developed and are being used. These algorithms include supervised and unsupervised clustering, deep learning algorithms, and neural network methods, among others. While supervised algorithms require a training dataset to classify AE signals, unsupervised algorithms can perform clustering without training datasets. Deep learning and neural network algorithms can train themselves to cluster data, but they may require a significant amount of computer power when the dataset is large. This review paper provides comprehensive information on the clustering algorithm, along with the AE wave features, the range of features for different damage types, and the type of reinforcer.