Browsing by Author "Turk, Umut"

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Cyclists as Intelligent Carriers of Space-Time Environmental Information: Crowd-Sourced Sensor Data for Local Air Quality Measurement and Mobility Analysis in the Netherlands
(Routledge, 2023) Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; Osth, John; Turk, Umut; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
In recent years, slow travel modes (walking, cycling) have gained much interest in the context of urban air quality management. This article presents the findings from a novel air quality measurement experiment in the Netherlands, by regarding cyclists as carriers and transmitters of real-world information on fine-grained air quality conditions. Using individual sensors on bicycles—connected to a GPS positioning system—online local pollution information originating from cyclists’ detailed spatial mobility patterns is obtained. Such air quality surface maps and cyclists’ mobility maps are then used to identify whether there are significant differences between the actual route choice and the cyclists’ shortest route choice, so as to identify the implications of poor air quality conditions for their mobility choices. Thus, the article seeks to present both a detailed pollution surface map and the complex space-time mobility patterns of cyclists in a region, on the basis of online quantitative data—at any point in time and space—from bicycle users in a given locality. In addition, the article estimates their response—in terms of route choice—to detailed air-quality information through the use of a novel geoscience-inspired analysis of spacetime “big data.” The empirical test of our quantitative modeling approach was carried out for the Greater Utrecht area in the Netherlands. Our findings confirm that spatial concentration of air pollutants have great consequences for bike users’ route choice patterns, especially in the case of non-commuting trips. We also find that cyclists make longer trips on weekends and in the evenings, especially towards parks and natural amenities.
Did Liberal Lockdown Policies Change Spatial Behaviour in Sweden? Mapping Daily Mobilities in Stockholm Using Mobile Phone Data During COVID-19
(SPRINGER Nature Link, 2024) Shuttleworth, Ian; Toger, Marina; Turk, Umut; Osth, John; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Türk, Umut
Sweden had the most liberal lockdown policies in Europe during the Covid-19 pandemic. Relying on individual responsibility and behavioural nudges, their effectiveness was questioned from the perspective of others who responded with legal restrictions on behaviour. In this study, using mobile phone data, we therefore examine daily spatial mobilities in Stockholm to understand how they changed during the pandemic from their pre-pandemic baseline given this background. The analysis demonstrates: that mobilities did indeed change but with some variations according to (a) the residential social composition of places and (b) their locations within the city; that the changes were long lasting; and that the average fall in spatial mobility across the whole was not caused by everybody moving less but instead by more people joining the group of those who stayed close to home. It showed, furthermore, that there were seasonal differences in spatial behaviour as well as those associated with major religious or national festivals. The analysis indicates the value of mobile phone data for spatially fine-grained mobility research but also shows its weaknesses, namely the lack of personal information on important covariates such as age, gender, and education.
How much does geography contribute? Measuring inequality of opportunities using a bespoke neighbourhood approach
(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, 2019) Turk, Umut; Osth, John; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü
To what extent an individual is successful in a variety of outcomes is the result of multiple factors such as (but not limited to) parental background, level of education, discrimination and business cycles. Factors like these also indicate that the success in life can be attributable to factors that both take individual-level merits into account but also to structural factors such as discrimination and contextual effects. Over the last decades, a growing interest in decomposing and categorising factors that affect the life chances of individuals has led to the formation of inequality of opportunity as a research field. This paper builds upon this growing literature, which amounts to quantify the contribution of factors that lie beyond the control of individuals to the total inequality observed in different spheres of life. Using rich Swedish longitudinal register data, we are able to follow individuals over time and their educational attainment during upbringing and later labour market outcomes. In difference from other inequality of opportunity studies, we make use of an egocentric neighbourhood approach to integrate the socio-economic composition of the parental neighbourhood in an inequality model and illustrate its contribution to the total inequality in both outcomes quantitatively. Using multilevel regression analyses, we show that the parental neighbourhood is highly influential in educational attainment and remains so for market outcomes even years after exposure.
Intergenerational income mobility in Sweden: A look at the spatial disparities across municipalities
(WILEY111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ, 2021) Michelangeli, Alessandra; Osth, John; Turk, Umut; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of intergenerational income mobility in Sweden. Intergenerational income mobility is considered in both relative and absolute terms, and the analysis is carried out at the individual and municipality level. We use multilevel models to explore the correlation between upward mobility and social, economic and demographic characteristics of cities. We account for a wider set of local characteristics, such as the spatial distribution of income inequality within city and housing affordability that have not been considered by previous studies analysing social mobility in the United States or other European countries. The analyses are carried out on three subpopulations: off-spring who live in a different municipality than their parents (spatial mobile population); offspring who live in the municipality where they grew up (spatial immobile population); off-spring belonging to visible minority groups. Our results show substantial differences across municipalities, meaning that the particular combination of municipality attributes contributes to shaping the chance of status attainment among young generations. Highly mobile municipalities have more significant human capital, more residential segregation by income, more local levels of income inequality, and greater accessibility to jobs. The results indicate that dependence on parents' support and network for upward mobility is of less importance, and that spatial mobility (regardless of background) especially to larger urban areas is associated with upward mobility for the children.
Modelling place attractiveness in the era of big and open data
(WILEY, 2022) Osth, John; Turk, Umut; Huang, Jie; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Türk, Umut
In recent years, an increasing amount of spatio–temporal data have been made public and openly available forresearch, particularly in online map databases. These new data sources enable researchers to reformulate the way inwhich to measure amenities and design analytical models.
A multilevel analysis of the contextual effects in distance education outcomes during COVID-19
(UNIV ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA, CENTRUL STUDII EUROPENEBULEVARDUL CAROL I, NR 19, IASI, 700507, ROMANIA, 2021) Turk, Umut; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
The COVID-19 outbreak has forced countries to take extensive measures aimed at minimizing human contact. In this crisis period, distance education has played a crucial role in ensuring continuous learning. However, not all locations have had the same maturity level regarding infrastructure availability, and the city-level heterogeneity in socioeconomic structures might have impeded equal access to distance education. This paper focuses on the contextual dimension of distance education by a comparative approach between in-person and distance education outcomes in Turkey. By a multilevel modelling approach, student outcomes are examined against a set of student-level and city-level determinants of academic success during the COVID-19 period compared to the same academic semester in the previous year. The findings support previous studies, discussing the long-term contextual effects on student outcomes and show that the digital divide between the rural and urban areas and income inequality are the main drivers of city-level variation in students' success during the pandemic.
The path of least resistance explaining tourist mobility patterns in destination areas using Airbnb data
(ELSEVIER SCI LTDTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND, 2021) Turk, Umut; Osth, John; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
Destination attractiveness research has become an important research domain in leisure and tourism economics. But the mobility behaviour of visitors in relation to local public transport access in tourist places is not yet well understood. The present paper seeks to fill this research gap by studying the attractiveness profile of 25 major tourist destination places in the world by means of a 'big data' analysis of the drivers of visitors' mobility behaviour and the use of public transport in these tourist places. We introduce the principle of 'the path of least resistance' to explain and model the spatial behaviour of visitors in these 25 global destination cities. We combine a spatial hedonic price model with geoscience techniques to better understand the place-based drivers of mobility patterns of tourists. In our empirical analysis, we use an extensive and rich database combining millions of Airbnb listings originating from the Airbnb platform, and complemented with TripAdvisor platform data and OpenStreetMap data. We first estimate the effect of the quality of the Airbnb listings, the surrounding tourist amenities, and the distance to specific urban amenities on the listed Airbnb prices. In a second step of the multilevel modelling procedure, we estimate the differential impact of accessibility to public transport on the quoted Airbnb prices of the tourist accommodations. The findings confirm the validity of our conceptual framework on 'the path of least resistance' for the spatial behaviour of tourists in destination places.
Rural Feet Voting of Leisure Explorers
(WILEY Online Library, 2025) Turk, Umut; Toger, Marina; Osth, John; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
In the COVID-19 period, spatial leisure behavior, often driven by the desire to escape urban life, reflected health and environmental concerns. This study examines how pandemic-induced spatial motives and changes impacted disparities in leisure mobility, specifically urban-to-rural tourism, in Sweden. Analyzing pre-pandemic, during pandemic, and post-pandemic periods, using anonymized mobile phone and socioeconomic data, the paper explores urban-rural leisure mobility variations. Despite a decline in professional geographical mobility, mainly of people in affluent urban areas, due to remote work, the spatial leisure activities remained rather stable? Our findings, based on a negative binomial regression analysis, reveal also exacerbated socioeconomic segregation in recreational trips. The disruption in mobility accessibility due to COVID-19 appears to amplify existing socioeconomic disparities, notably in urban-to-rural leisure travel. Our research sheds new light on the widening gap in geographical leisure activities, emphasizing the need for equitable access to nonurban destinations.
Social mobility and pro-government mobilization: the case of July 15th pro-government mobilization in Turkey
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND, 2022) Teke-Lloyd, Fatma Armagan; Turk, Umut; Ozgur Donmez, Rasim; 0000-0001-5439-439X; 0000-0002-8440-7048; 0000-0002-9001-2990; AGÜ, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü; Teke-Lloyd, Fatma Armagan; Turk, Umut; Ozgur Donmez, Rasim
What are the economic determinants of pro-government mobilizations? While recent studies have contributed to our understanding of the relationship between a defined set of economic variables and political unrest – including revolts, riots, and uprisings against the status quo – there has been relatively little attempt to understand how these models might apply to demonstrations in support of the existing regime, which remain an understudied phenomenon within the literature. The coup attempt, which took place in Turkey on 15 July 2016 and was organized by a religious movement within the Turkish military, led to widespread public protests which ultimately succeeded in overcoming the threat. This case affords us a valuable opportunity to study the phenomenon of pro-government mobilization and its political and economic underpinnings. By applying the theoretical contributions of the already well-established literature on social mobility, we argue that higher earnings, economic equality and social mobility will foster a greater likelihood of mass mobilizations in support of the regime. Our study contributes to the literature theoretically by extending the scope of the existing theories on mass mobilization and empirically by examining a rare case of pro-government mobilization in Turkey by using individual and regional level datasets.
Socio-Economic Determinants of Student Mobility and Inequality of Access to Higher Education in Italy
(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600, NEW YORK, NY, UNITED STATES, 2019) Turk, Umut; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü
This paper introduces a modified version of the Hansen-gravity model as a framework to estimate the accessibility of higher education (HE) institutions in Italy from equal opportunities perspective. The fundamental assumption underlying gravity models is that accessibility decreases with spatial distance from opportunities. The paper extends the gravity equation to include socio-economic factors influencing the access to HE. The findings reveal differences in response to quality and other institutional characteristics by parental background and gender. Finally, decomposition of overall inequality into spatial and aspatial components reveals both the physical and social distance between groups of students seeking higher education opportunities in the country.
Special issue on ‘The city 2.0 – Smart People, Places and Planning’
(ELSEVIER, 2022) Nijkamp, Peter; Kourtit, Karima; Turk, Umut; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Türk, Umut
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Student performance under asynchronous and synchronous methods in distance education: A quasi-field experiment
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2022) Demirtas, Burak Kagan; Turk, Umut; 0000-0002-8440-7048; 0000-0001-9477-8128; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Demirtas, Burak Kağan; Turk, Umut
This study examines student performance under asynchronous and synchronous methods in a microeconomics course during COVID-19 pandemic. We conduct a quasi-field experiment in a state university in Turkey. In the experiment, students were divided into synchronous and asynchronous groups and were taught the same weekly material of microeconomics by the methods respective to their group. At the end of the week, both groups took the same multiple question test. Our results showed that asynchronous group performed significantly better than the synchronous group. While showing the comparative advantage of the asynchronous method, our study also underlines the importance of interaction between instructors and students. We discuss our findings from a socioeconomic perspective, where we argue that the flexibility that the asynchronous method offers might have compensated for the accessibility issues (internet and/or computer) during the COVID-19 outbreak. As a policy recommendation, universities can offer lectures with a recorded option to allow students to interact with the course material multiple times
Using Individualised HDI Measures for Predicting Educational Performance of Young Students-A Swedish Case Study
(MDPIST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2021) Turk, Umut; Osth, John; Toger, Marina; Kourtit, Karima; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
HDI is a frequently used quantitative index of human potential and welfare, developed as a comprehensive measure for the cross-sectional and temporal comparison of socioeconomic performance. The HDI is a standardised quantitative estimation of welfare comprising indicators of health, knowledge and standard of living, enabling assessment over countries, regions or time periods, in case of limited data access. The index highlights critical conditions for equity and socioeconomic development outside the group of stakeholders and researchers. The HDI provides a learning potential that may be harnessed to enhance insights into the magnitude of human potential at super-local levels. In this paper we design, implement and test the validity of a super-local variant of HDI in the context of pedagogical performance of young pupils. We compare whether HDI is a good predictor for school grades among all ninth-grade students in Sweden during the year 2014. Our results show that a super-local HDI index is performing equal to or better than the one related to standard measures of human potential, while the index can be generated on individual levels using k-nearest neighbour approaches during the index creation process.
Villages in the City – Urban Planning for Neighbourhood Love
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; Turk, Umut; Wahlström, Mia; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
The city comprises of a wide variety of heterogeneous territorial units (e.g. districts or neighbourhoods). In many – especially larger – cities, social capital assets (like community bonds) are mirrored at the level of neighbourhoods which form the home for many sociocultural communities or distinct socio-economic classes. We postulate in this study that the big city is essentially an ‘archipelago’ made up of ‘urban villages’. We analyse the residents' perceived attractiveness regarding their daily local neighbourhood by introducing the concept of ‘village love’ (or ‘neighbourhood love’), inspired by the recent literature on ‘city love’ (comprising ‘body’, ‘soul’ and ‘community’ constituents of urban life). Based on an extensive and detailed multi-annual database for all neighbourhoods in Rotterdam, the present paper seeks to identify the background factors shaping ‘village love’ in the city, with particular attention to the citizens' subjective appreciation for and access to a great variety of (physical and immaterial) urban amenities shaping the place-based satisfaction of residents. The theoretical framing of our research resembles the basics of traditional central place theory here transmitted to the urban space in which local proximity to amenities plays a key role. A wide array of relevant amenities impacting on the place-specific well-being feelings (‘village love’) of residents in various neighbourhoods in the city of Rotterdam is distinguished using inter alia-rich multi-annual survey data. This approach is empirically tested and verified by means of LISA statistics and advanced spatial econometric dependence models (‘urbanometrics’). The findings confirm the usefulness of a central place interpretation of ‘urban village love’ in the city.