Browsing by Author "Top, Soner"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 31

A Comprehensive Review on the Extraction and Recovery of Lithium from Primary and Secondary Sources: Advances Toward Battery-Grade Materials
(Wiley, 2025) Top, Soner; Kursunoglu, Sait; Altiner, Mahmut
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies have become indispensable to modern energy systems, driving global demand for high-purity lithium compounds. This review focuses on lithium recovery and purification strategies for battery-grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH), addressing both primary sources (brines and minerals) and secondary sources (waste materials). Industrially established processes, such as evaporation-based brine treatment and conventional metallurgical methods, are discussed alongside emerging techniques, including membrane separation, solvent extraction, and CO2-assisted precipitation. Particular attention is given to lithium precipitation mechanisms, the behaviour of co-existing ions during extraction, and the specific quality requirements for cathode material synthesis. By evaluating process scalability, environmental impact, and product purity, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of current practices and future directions. Additionally, it highlights the growing importance of lithium in the context of accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption, underscoring the bright and expanding future of the lithium industry.
Artık Malzemelerden Box Behnken Test Dizaynı Kullanılarak Hafif Geopolimer Beton Üretimi
(2020) Top, Soner; Kudak, Hüseyin
Bu çalışmada, artık malzemelerden hibrit geopolimer beton üretim olanakları araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla,Sugözü Termik Santrali ve Afşin/Elbistan Termik Santrali’nden uçucu küller ile Soda Sanayii’nden SolvayProsesi artıkları temin edilmiştir. Büyük çoğunluğu yüksek fırın cürufu ve uçucu küllerden oluşan CEM V/Akompoze çimento da geopolimer beton üretiminde kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan malzemelerin karakterizasyonuXRD ve XRF yöntemleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Geopolimerizasyonu sağlamak üzere sodyum metasilikat (Na2SiO3) alkali aktivatör olarak kullanılmıştır. Na2SiO3 çözelti haline getirilerek 5Mkonsantrasyonunda harca katılmıştır. Harcın oluşturulması sırasında ekstra su kullanılmamıştır. Box Behnkenİstatistiksel test dizaynı kullanılarak farklı oranlardaki artık malzeme ilavelerinin elde edilen geopolimer betonörneklerin tek eksenli basınç dayanımı, sertlik, birim hacim ağırlık, su emme ve sonik hız özelliklerine etkileriincelenmiştir. Kuadratik modeller, test sonuçları doğrultusunda Box Behnken test dizaynında en uygunmodeller olarak belirlenmiştir. R2değeri 28 günlük tek eksenli basınç dayanımları için % 90,48, Shoresertlikleri için % 81,67, birim hacim ağırlıkları için % 94,85, su emme değerleri için % 92,09 ve sonik hızdeğerleri için ise % 87,74 olarak belirlenmiştir. Hibrit geopolimer beton üretimi sırasında 1570-1725 kg/m3arasında değişen birim hacim ağırlıklarına sahip beton numunelerden 7-24 MPa arasında değişen tek eksenlibasınç dayanımları elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen tüm geopolimer beton örnekler hafif beton sınıfında yeralmıştır.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 12
Assessment of Rock Aggregate Quality Through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
(Springer, 2020) Koken, Ekin; Top, Soner; Ozarslan, Ahmet
The present study aimed to assess rock aggregate quality through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the context of the AHP analyses, four rock types (i.e., andesite, basalt, granodiorite, and gabbro), five evaluation criteria, and several technical requirements/suggestions for coarse aggregates related to bituminous paving mixtures were considered. In order to set over the evaluation criteria, detailed laboratory studies were conducted. For this purpose, various mineralogical, physical, and mechanical aggregate properties were determined for each rock type concerning their weathering grades. As a result of the laboratory studies, it was determined that the rock weathering processes have substantial negative impacts on the rock aggregate properties considered in this study. The AHP analysis results indicated that that different rock types have several advantages concerning various evaluation criteria. Based on the general evaluation point (EP) of the rocks, the gabbros were found to have the highest rock aggregate quality (EP = 0.393). In contrast, the andesites had the lowest quality (EP = 0.069). Besides, the basalts (EP = 0.271) and granodiorites (EP = 0.267) presented approximately the same quality for their use in bituminous pavement mixtures. It was also demonstrated that the AHP, with its specific methodology, can be utilized to represent different environmental and mechanical conditions by changing the relative weight of the evaluation criteria. In this way, the pros and cons of different rock types could be revealed quantitatively, which enables related engineers to select proper rock types for their use under different environmental and mechanical conditions. From this point of view, the present study could be declared a case study noted for combining theoretical and practical approaches on bituminous paving mixtures as a sign of rock aggregate quality.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 3
Beneficiation of Low-Grade Iron Ore Using a Dry-Roll Magnetic Separator and Its Modeling via Artificial Neural Network
(Springer, 2025) Fariss, Abdourahman Hassan Brahim; Ibrahim, Ahmedaljaali Ibrahim Idrees; Ozdemir, Ali Can; Top, Soner; Kursunoglu, Sait; Altiner, Mahmut
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ore (39.5% Fe-(T) grade) using a dry-roll magnetic separator was investigated. The ore was characterized using Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA). It was determined that the ore was composed of iron oxide (goethite and hematite), quartz, chlorite, muscovite, plagioclase, and other minerals. The effect of particle size (PS, - 1 + 0.500 mm, - 0.500 + 0.300 mm, and - 0.300 + 0.125 mm), splitter position (SP, 43 degrees and 58 degrees), cleaning stage (CS, 1 and 2), conveyor speed (CoS, 3, 5, and 7 Hz), magnetic field strength (MFS, 0.2 T and 0.4 T) on the recovery of the magnetic product was investigated. Experimental results show that the product (- 1 + 0.500 mm) with the Fe-(T) grade of 67.67% can be obtained, but its recovery was not at an acceptable value (< 30%). Furthermore, the Fe-(T) grade of the product (- 0.500 + 0.300 and - 0.300 + 0.125 mm) could not reach satisfactory levels. The artificial neural network (ANN) method was conducted on the results of experimental studies. Three different training algorithms were employed for modeling, and their performance was assessed using statistical evaluation criteria. The results demonstrate that Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm exhibited better performance compared to others in predicting both Fe(T) grade and recovery rate during the testing phase. These findings support the notion that ANN algorithms can be a powerful modeling and prediction tool in the field of mineral processing.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 3
Characterization of Nickel in Chromite Beneficiation Tailings by Mineral Liberation Analysis and Its Recovery by H2SO4 Leaching Followed by Oxalic Acid Precipitation
(Springer, 2024) Altiner, Mahmut; Ibrahim, Ahmedaljaali Ibrahim Idrees; Kursunoglu, Sait; Top, Soner; Bayat, Oktay
This study investigated the recovery of nickel from tailings (0.2% Ni) obtained in a chromite beneficiation plant using H2SO4 leaching followed by oxalic acid precipitation. The tailings were characterized using mineral liberation analysis. Ni was found as Fe-Ni, Fe-Ni-Co sulfide minerals, which were encapsulated in serpentine, olivine, pyroxene and clinochlore. Liberated fine chromite minerals benefited from magnetic separation followed by Falcon concentrator. A chromite product with a grade > 37% was obtained. The effect of leaching conditions including acid concentration, temperature, time and solid-to-liquid ratio on the leaching behavior of Ni was investigated based on the Taguchi approach. It was possible to extract Ni with a rate of > 98% from the tailings using the following conditions: H2SO4 concentration of 3 M, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 and ambient temperature for 2 h. Finally, Ni was precipitated as an oxalate form with a precipitation rate of 72%. It is believed that implementing additional purification methods like solvent extraction may be essential to obtain a high-purity nickel product from the leach solution of oxalate precipitate. Experimental results indicate that the tailings used in this study are a good alternative as Ni resource in the near future.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 5
Concentration Study of a Specularite Ore via Shaking Table, Reverse Flotation, and Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Separation
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2023) Al-Dhubaibi, Ammar Mahdi Ahmed; Vapur, Huseyin; Top, Soner; Sivrikaya, Osman
Despite the difficulties in pelletizing specularite-type refractory iron ores, the utilization of these resources is indispensable for the steel industry due to the increasing need for iron. This study investigated Fe recovery from a refractory iron ore using gravity separation, reverse flotation, and two-stage magnetic separation. Tilt angle and particle size had a significant effect on the grade and recovery of concentrates in shaking table tests. Gravity concentration at optimum conditions resulted in an iron concentrate with 64.47% Fe grade and 90.73% Fe recovery. In the reverse flotation tests, the frother and depressant substantially affected the Fe grade of concentrates while the collector influenced the Fe recovery. A 90% Fe recovery with 64.69% Fe grade was obtained within optimum flotation conditions. The Fe grades were raised to >67.5% in products after the first magnetic separation. The tailings of the first magnetic separation were subjected to the second magnetic separation after microwave-assisted roasting to increase the magnetic susceptibility. In the second magnetic separation, a concentrate containing 66.06% Fe was separated from the microwave-roasted non-magnetic material with 82.23% Fe recovery. To the best of our knowledge, the microwave-roasting method has been applied to a specularite-type refractory iron ore for the first time.
A Distinctive Determination of Circular Nozzles in Downcomer for Column Flotation
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2023) Vapur, Huseyin; Top, Soner; Altiner, Mahmut
This study aims to recover clean coal from valuable hard coal tailings (HCT), which have been used as solid fuels in a thermal power plant, through convenient conditions. The effective diameters of circular nozzles on the recovery of HCT were investigated by using the Jameson cell (JC) as the main purpose. Preliminary tests were conducted to determine the type and dosages of the collector and frother. The JC test results were evaluated by Yates and Box Behnken based on ANOVA analysis, statistically. It was observed that 3,000 g/ton of diesel oil, 300 g/ton of MIBC, 100 g/ton of Na2SiO3, and 60 cm of downcomer depth were found applicable levels of parameters. The decrease of the diameter increased the venturi effect of downcomer which provided the best recovery ratio of 97.79%. Besides, the results of kinetic models were obtained with desired efficiencies (CR infinity = 94.77%, k(coal) = 1.20, R-2 = 0.98 and SI = 2.40). The best diameter was 5 cm supplied a short time and high carrying capacity (CC) for concentrate.
Effective Processing of Specularite Ore by Wet Magnetic Separation and Reverse Flotation Techniques
(2019) Top, Soner; Dhubaıbı, Ammar Mahdi Al; Vapur, Huseyin
The aim of this study was to obtain a high grade and yield percentage of iron concentratefrom a specularite ore by using wet magnetic separation and reverse flotation techniques.The processing a specularite sample using wet magnetic separation and reverseflotation method was studied. During the magnetic separation process, particle size was-2000 μm and magnetic field applied at 0.25 T and 0.85 T which were performed at asolid-liquid ratio of 10% and 20% by weight, respectively. In the reverse flotation tests,experimental design (DOE) was applied, statistically. Depressant dosage, collector dosageand flotation time were selected as main parameters. PH value, frother dosage (MIBC) andparticle size were constant parameters. The results showed that particle size and magnetic fieldintensity had a significant effect on the iron concentrate grade and yield for wet magneticseparation. The optimum value of iron concentrate grade was 98.75% at 0.25 T andparticle size of -150 μm while the highest value of iron concentrate yield was 67% at 0.75T and particle size of -74 μm. In the flotation tests, depressant dosage had the greatestinfluence on the iron concentrate grade while the effect of the collector dosage and frothcollection time were less. Froth collection time had the greatest effect on iron concentrateyield.The maximum iron concentrate grade was 90.13% for the following conditions:5250 g/ton depressant, 1000 g/ton collector and 2-minute froth collection time. Themaximum iron concentrate yield was 98.96% for the following conditions: 5250 g/tondepressant, 1500 g/ton collector and 1 min froth collection time under fixed conditions.
Citation - WoS: 14
Citation - Scopus: 16
Effects of Leaching Parameters on the Dissolution of Nickel, Cobalt, Manganese and Iron from Caldag Lateritic Nickel Ore in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Top, Soner; Kursunoglu, Sait; Ichlas, Zela Tanlega
The effects of leaching parameters on the metal dissolutions from Caldag laterite ore using hydrochloric acid at atmospheric pressure were investigated. The following leaching parameters were examined to understand their effects on the dissolution of the metals: hydrochloric acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, leaching temperature and time. Extractions of 95.8%Ni, 94.5%Co and 94.3%Mn into the leach solution were obtained along with a substantial amount of iron (81.5%) under the following conditions: 3.0 M HCl concentration, 90 degrees C leaching temperature, 8 h leaching time, 1/5 solid/liquid ratio and -0.053 mm particle size. The hydrochloric acid consumption under these optimum conditions was found to be 543 kg t(-1)ore. The results indicated that hydrochloric acid concentration and leaching temperature were the most important parameters affecting metal dissolutions. It was found that the dissolution of nickel did not exhibit a good linear correlation to that of manganese, which suggested that considerable amounts of nickel were not hosted in asbolane phase but also in other mineral phases such as goethite, haematite and clays. It was, however, found that most of the cobalt appeared to be hosted in asbolane. The semi-quantitative mineral analyses revealed that mineral dissolution order was as follows: calcite > goethite > haematite > lizardite >= chlorite-serpentine > asbolane > albite > kaolinite.
Investigation on Usage Possibilities of Gasification Plant Wood Waste and Sivas Kangal Lignite Coal in Dye Adsorption
(2020) Top, Soner; Kırma, Ramazan; Uçkun, Şükrü; Sarıkaya, Musa; Timür, İrfan
In this study, the usage possibilities of wood waste obtained from Gebze MDF and ParticleBoard Gasification Plant preliminary studies and Sivas Kangal lignite coal as absorbents wereinvestigated. In this way, it was aimed both to evaluate the wastes and to prevent environmentalpollution with materials that are cheaper and easier to obtain. The structure and surface propertiesof wood waste and coal samples crushed and ground to -75 µm size and used as adsorbent wereinvestigated by XRD, SEM and BET analyses. In addition, samples have been characterized byelemental, ash, moisture, volatile matter and fixed carbon analyses. In the experiments, methyleneblue (MM) with the formulation of C16H18CIN3 S.xH2 O was used. The effects of temperature, mixingtime and concentration parameters on MM adsorption were investigated. Langmuir isotherms werecreated for different temperatures at optimum concentrations. As a result, it has been revealed thatlignite coal and wood waste can be used as adsorbent. A 10 ppm MM for lignite coal and 3 ppmMM for wood waste were determined to be ideal concentrations for adsorption.
Jips Artığından Taguchi Yaklaşımı Kullanılarak Çöktürülmüş Kalsiyum Karbonat (ÇKK) Üretimi
(2022) Altıner, Mahmut; Top, Soner; Kaymakoglu, Burcin
Bu çalışmada, desülfürizasyon ünitesinden elde edilen jips (DJ) taneciklerinin çöktürülmüş kalsiyum karbonat (ÇKK) taneciklerine direk mineral karbonatlaştırma yöntemi ile dönüştürülmesi sırasında ultrasonik güç uygulama, sıcaklık, karbondioksit (CO2) besleme hızı deneysel parametrelerinin etkileri Taguchi yaklaşımı kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Deneylerde venturimetre ünitesi karbonatlaştırma zonu olarak kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ürünlerin karakterizasyonu XRD, SEM ve tane boyutu analiz yöntemleri ile belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ürünlerin özellikleri ASTM standartları dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; üretim şartlarına bağlı olarak iğnemsi, kübik veya delikli yapıda kalsit kristallerinden oluşan ÇKK tanecikleri elde edilmiştir. ASTM standartlarına göre endüstriyel bir artıktan üretilen bu ürün, boya ve plastik sektörlerinde değerlendirilebilmesi için gereken özellikleri sağlamaktadır.
Leaching of a Complex Zn-Pb Ore in Sulfuric Acid Solution
(2024) Gökçen, Hasan Serkan; Altıner, Mahmut; Kaya, Muammer; Top, Soner; Kursunoglu, Sait; Hussaini, Shokrullah; Ozsarac, Safak
Bu çalışmada Gazipaşa-Aydap kompleks Zn-Pb cevher numunesinin sülfürik asit çözeltisindeki liç davranışı incelenmiştir. Öncelikle cevher örneğinin kimyasal ve mineralojik bileşimleri AAS, ICP-OES, XRF ve XRD analizleri ile belirlenmiştir. Cevherin yapısının çok karmaşık olduğu ve yüksek miktarda çinko (%16.4), kurşun (%10.6), demir (%2.6) ve az miktarda bakır (%0.2) içerdiği görülmüştür. 2 M sülfürik asit konsantrasyonu, 25 °C liç sıcaklığı, 1/10 katı/sıvı oranı ve 125 rpm çalkalama hızı parametrelerinde gerçekleştirilen liç işlemi ile %86.7 Zn, %90 Cu ve %25.2 Fe'nin liç çözeltisine alınabileceği saptanmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar, liç sıcaklığının arttırılmasının çinko çözünmesi üzerinde yararlı bir etkisinin olmadığını ancak demir çözünmesini önemli ölçüde arttırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Genel olarak çinkonun, kısa bir liç süresi (30 dakika), düşük bir liç sıcaklığı (25 °C), nispeten düşük bir sülfürik asit konsantrasyonu (2 M) ve nispeten yüksek bir katı-sıvı oranı (2/10) kullanılarak kompleks cevherden ekstrakte edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
A Novel Biomass-Derived Reductant for Nitric Acid Dissolution of Manganiferous Iron Ore: Comparative Assessment of Organic Reductants
(MDPI, 2025) Top, Soner; Altiner, Mahmut; Vapur, Huseyin; Kursunoglu, Sait; Stopic, Srecko
This study investigates the selective dissolution of manganese from a manganiferous iron ore using nitric acid (HNO3) in the presence of various organic reductants. A series of leaching experiments was performed to evaluate the effects of temperature, reductant type, and leaching time on Mn recovery, with particular emphasis on biomass (horse dung) and tartaric acid as novel reducing agents. The dissolution behaviour of Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, and Al was systematically examined, revealing that Mn extraction was strongly enhanced in the presence of reductants, while Fe dissolution remained below 10% under all conditions. The maximum Mn dissolution exceeded 90% at 90 degrees C using biomass and reached nearly 85%-90% with tartaric acid at elevated temperatures. Kinetic studies were conducted by applying reaction order models and the shrinking core model. The results indicated that Mn dissolution in HNO3 medium is predominantly controlled by surface chemical reaction, with Arrhenius analysis yielding activation energies of 27.74 kJ/mol for biomass and 21.26 kJ/mol for tartaric acid. These relatively low values confirm the efficiency of organic reductants in facilitating Mn reduction and dissolution. To sum up, comparison of reductant efficiency revealed that, at the lowest concentrations, the dissolution of Mn followed the sequence glucose > sucrose > oxalic acid > tartaric acid > maleic acid > biomass > citric acid > acetic acid. At the highest concentrations, the trend shifted, with citric acid emerging as the most effective, followed by tartaric acid > oxalic acid > glucose > sucrose > maleic acid > biomass > acetic acid.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 15
Pb-Zn Recovery From a Malic Leach Solution of a Carbonate Type Ore Flotation Tailing by Precipitation and Solvent Extraction
(Elsevier, 2021) Hussaini, Shokrullah; Tita, Angela Manka; Kursunoglu, Sait; Top, Soner; Ichlas, Zela Tanlega; Kar, Umut; Kaya, Muammer
The recovery of zinc and lead from a malic leach solution of a carbonate type ore flotation tailing by precipitation with sulfuric acid followed by solvent extraction using di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as extractant was investigated. The separation of lead via precipitation was essentially complete from the malic acid leach solution by adding sulphuric acid to reach a pH of 0.25 at 25 degrees C. The precipitate product was identified by XRD as anglesite (PbSO4). The pregnant leach solution after lead precipitation was then subjected to solvent extraction using D2EHPA. The optimum solvent extraction conditions were determined as 10% D2EHPA concentration, 25 degrees C temperature, 10 min contact time and phase ratio of unity. Under these conditions, 99.3% of zinc was extracted into the organic phase at a pH of 4.2 in a single contact alongside a substantial amount of Ca (76.6%), and minor amounts of Fe (19.2%) and Mg (18%). Complete stripping of zinc and calcium from the loaded organic solution along with 47.8% of Mg was achieved at a pH 0.5 under room temperature. No iron stripping was observed from the loaded organic. The zinc content in the loaded strip solution could be enriched and then sent to the electrowinning (EW) stage. It is noted that the calcium and magnesium impurities in the loaded strip solution had no adverse effect on the zinc EW process. Based on the experimental results, a flowsheet was proposed for the recovery of Pb and Zn from the malic acid leach solution. With the proposed precipitation and solvent extraction process, two different material streams are produced.
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 27
Production of Alpha-Alumina from Black Aluminum Dross Using NaOh Leaching Followed by Calcination
(Springer, 2020) Turk, Murat; Altiner, Mahmut; Top, Soner; Karaca, Serkan; Bouchekrit, Chafia
The aim of this work is to produce alpha-alumina particles from aluminum (Al) dross via leaching-precipitation-calcination processes. In the leaching test, the effects of parameters such as the temperature, NaOH concentration, and time were investigated based on the Taguchi approach. In addition, the effect of the particle size on the Al extraction rate was determined. The Al extraction rate ranged from 78.64% to 93.11% and from 78.35% to 91.99% for ground dross and as-received dross, respectively. In the precipitation test, the pH of the leachate solution was decreased using HCl to remove Al ions as Al hydroxide precipitate. The precipitate was calcined at 1000 degrees C to 1200 degrees C for 270 min. The morphological and polymorphic properties of the products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental findings indicated that the calcination temperature and stabilization time were critical for producing alpha-alumina particles rather than other polymorphs.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 5
Production of High-Grade Antimony Oxide From Smelter Slag via Leaching and Hydrolysis Process
(Elsevier, 2025) Ibrahim, Ahmedaljaali Ibrahim Idrees; Aboelgamel, Muhammed; Soylu, Kartal Kaan; Top, Soner; Kursunoglu, Sait; Altiner, Mahmut; Ibrahim Idrees Ibrahim, Ahmedaljaali; Kaan Soylu, Kartal
This study aimed to investigate the recovery of antimony (Sb) from slag generated in an antimony smelting plant using leaching followed by hydrolysis processes. The leaching behaviors of rare earth elements (REEs) were also examined. The physicochemical properties of the slag were determined using various analytical techniques. The slag (4.12 % Sb) was mainly composed of quartz and minor minerals, including microline, magnetite, heden-bergite, and stibiconite. The Sb types in the slag determined by XPS were found to be in the oxide form. The concentrations of REEs (La, Y, Ce, and Nd) in the slag were 169.21 g/t. Preliminary leaching experiment results indicate that (i) HCl was selected rather than other acids due to its high extraction ability on the Sb from the slag, (ii) a sample with a d50 of <25 mu m should be used, (iii) the slurry should be mixed at 300 rpm. In the following leaching tests, the effects of leaching parameters (HCl acid concentration, amount of tartaric acid, solid-to-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, and time) on the extraction rates of Sb, impurities, and REEs were investigated. At the best leaching conditions (HCl: 8 M, amount of tartaric acid: 1 g/L, stirring speed: 300 rpm, reaction tem-perature: 75 C-degrees, and time: 180 min), the extraction rates of Sb from the slag were determined to be 91.19 %, but the extraction rates of REEs were measured to be <= 50 %. The activation energy (Ea) for Sb leaching was found to be 46.75 kJ/mol, indicating that the reaction was governed by the chemically controlled mechanism. In particular, it was understood from the additional experimental results that the leaching procedure should be carried out for 20 h to extract La with an extraction rate of >90 %. However, the extraction rate of Sb was negligible in extended times. It was determined that using tartaric acid positively affected La's leaching mech-anism, and the required leaching time for La decreased to 180 min from 20 h with the increase of tartaric acid from 1 g/L to 6 g/L. Hydrolysis tests were conducted using the Taguchi approach (L32, 2<^>1 4<^>3). The effects of the alkaline type (NH4OH and NaOH), stirring speed (100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm), temperature (50, 60, 70, and 80 C-degrees), and pH (1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3) on the precipitation of Sb from the PLS were investigated. NH4OH was suggested for use in the hydrolysis test to obtain precipitates with higher purities. The product obtained under the optimal conditions comprised 81.43 % Sb, 16.23 % O, and 2.34 % Fe. The product was identified as antimony oxide by XRD
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 12
Production of Mixed Rare Earth Oxide Powder From a Thorium Containing Complex Bastnasite Ore
(Elsevier, 2021) Kursunoglu, Sait; Hussaini, Shokrullah; Top, Soner; Ichlas, Zela Tanlega; Gokcen, Hasan Serkan; Ozsarac, Safak; Kaya, Muammer
The production of mixed rare earth oxide powder from a thorium containing bastnasite ore by sulfuric acid bake water leaching followed by precipitation with oxalic acid and thermal decomposition of the oxalates was investigated. The sulfuric acid baking was performed at 250 degrees C and the optimum baking time was found to be 3 h. Using deionized water as lixiviant, 92.6% La, 86.8% Ce, 86.9% Pr, 82.3% Nd, 95.4% Th and 31% Y were dissolved from the baked ore at 25 degrees C after 30 min of leaching. The effect of solid-to-liquid ratio on the dissolution of the rare earth elements and thorium shows that when the solid ratio in the water increased from 1:10 to 1:3, the dissolution percentage decreased. The final mixed rare earth oxide powder contained 88.54% REO and 6% ThO20 together with small amounts of other impurities. The SEM mapping results revealed that the produced REO has an irregular crystal shape. Based on the experimental results obtained from the current study, a flowsheet was proposed for the production of mixed rare earth oxide powder from a specific complex bastnasite ore. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 10
Production of Mn3O4 Nanoparticles From a Manganiferous Iron Ore via Reductive Leaching, Precipitation, and Calcination
(Elsevier, 2022) Altiner, Mahmut; Top, Soner; Bouchekrit, Chafia; Kursunoglu, Sait
The synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles from a manganiferous iron ore through reductive leaching, precipitation, and calcination was investigated. The reductive leaching results showed that Mn (99.9%) was almost completely extracted into the leaching solution along with a substantial amount of Mg (99.9%), Al (99.5%), Ca (80%), and Fe (22.9%) under the following conditions: 30 g/L tartaric acid as a reducing agent, 1 M HCl solution, leaching temperature of 90 ?, and leaching duration of 3 h. In the first precipitation step, Fe and Al were expelled from the pregnant leach solution by the addition of NaOH prior to conducting the precipitation experiments for the production of manganese carbonate (MnCO3) particles from the purified solution. In the second precipitation step, MnCO3 particles were produced using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as the precipitating agent. The effects of parameters such as reaction temperature, Na2CO3 concentration, and experimental duration were investigated using the Taguchi approach. Manganse(II) was precipitated in the form of MnCO3 particles (97.4%) under the following conditions: a temperature of 30 ?C, Na2CO3 concentration of 0.014 mol/L, and duration of 30 min. The precipitate was observed to have a structure similar to that of rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Thermogravimetric/ differential thermal analyses were subsequently performed in three different atmospheres (air, oxygen, and nitrogen) to select a suitable atmosphere for calcination. The experimental results indicated the formation of hausmannite (Mn3O4) with a purity of 97.5% Mn3O4, 0.42% MgO, 1.66% CaO, and 0.34% FeO. The specific surface area, particle size, Curie temperature, magnetisation, coercivity, and remanence ratio of the final product obtained via 3 h of calcination at 350 C were estimated to be 133.3 m(2)/g, < 142.2 nm, 56 K, 10.10 Am-2/kg, 0.35 T, and 0.19, respectively. The characterisation results revealed the excellent low-temperature ferromagnetic properties of the produced Mn3O4 nanoparticles.
Citation - WoS: 34
Citation - Scopus: 43
Production of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Particles from Gypsum Waste Using Venturi Tubes as a Carbonation Zone
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Altiner, Mahmut; Top, Soner; Kaymakoglu, Burcin; Seckin, Ismail Yigit; Vapur, Huseyin
In this study, we investigated the production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles from desulfurization gypsum (DG) waste using a new experimental apparatus that is divided into two main parts: carbonation and stabilization zones. The solution was circulated via a pump from the stabilization zone to the carbonation zone where different types of Venturi tube were used for the reaction of CO2 with solution to produce PCC particles. The effects of CO2 flow rate, circulation rate, and Venturi types on the properties of the produced PCC particles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analyses. The conductivity and pH values of the solution were monitored during the carbonation. In addition, the reactivity of selected PCC was determined to evaluate its use as a sorbent in a desulfurization unit. The experimental results indicate that the Venturi tube had a strong effect on the reaction time and properties of PCC particles. The use of a Venturi tube resulted in a decrease in the time required for producing PCC particles, which were smooth, well-crystallized, and nano-sized cubic crystals. However, when no Venturi tube was used, hollow spherical crystals formed along with cubic crystals. It was found that the reactivity of selected PCC particles produced using Venturi tube was rather higher (52x10(-4) min(-1)), indicating that the PCC can be used as a sorbent in the desulfurization unit.
Citation - WoS: 73
Citation - Scopus: 83
Properties of Fly Ash-Based Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Prepared Using Pumice and Expanded Perlite as Aggregates
(Elsevier, 2020) Top, Soner; Vapur, Huseyin; Altiner, Mahmut; Kaya, Dogan; Ekicibil, Ahmet
The present paper aims to utilize the fly ash wastes with lightweight aggregates for geopolymer concrete production process in which sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) were used as alkali activators, respectively. The designed experiments were examined by the Yates Analyses and so the productions of geopolymer concrete were investigated depending on curing temperature, solid/liquid rate and concentration of alkali activators. The curing temperature and alkali activator concentration were revealed as effective parameters in geopolymerization. The effects of expanded perlite (EP) and acidic pumice (AP) aggregates were discovered for the production of lightweight geopolymer concretes. The microstructural properties of each produced geopolymer concrete were characterized using SEM, EDS and laser particle size analyses. The specifications of the concrete were evaluated based on their uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), point load strength (PLS), sonic speed (SS), Mohs hardness (MH), and water absorption (WAR) ratio results. In addition, the effects of pre-wetting of EP aggregates, which have hydrophilic nature, were examined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that pre-wetted lightweight EP aggregates were used to produce lightweight GP concretes. As a result of pre-wetting, chemical usage decreased by 32.5%. The UCSs of the lightweight geopolymer concretes were in a range of 10-50MPa and their unit weights changed between 1250 and 1700 kg/m(3). Lighter concretes were obtained by the addition of EP aggregates rather than AP ones. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.