Browsing by Author "Toger, Marina"

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Did Liberal Lockdown Policies Change Spatial Behaviour in Sweden? Mapping Daily Mobilities in Stockholm Using Mobile Phone Data During COVID-19
(SPRINGER Nature Link, 2024) Shuttleworth, Ian; Toger, Marina; Turk, Umut; Osth, John; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Türk, Umut
Sweden had the most liberal lockdown policies in Europe during the Covid-19 pandemic. Relying on individual responsibility and behavioural nudges, their effectiveness was questioned from the perspective of others who responded with legal restrictions on behaviour. In this study, using mobile phone data, we therefore examine daily spatial mobilities in Stockholm to understand how they changed during the pandemic from their pre-pandemic baseline given this background. The analysis demonstrates: that mobilities did indeed change but with some variations according to (a) the residential social composition of places and (b) their locations within the city; that the changes were long lasting; and that the average fall in spatial mobility across the whole was not caused by everybody moving less but instead by more people joining the group of those who stayed close to home. It showed, furthermore, that there were seasonal differences in spatial behaviour as well as those associated with major religious or national festivals. The analysis indicates the value of mobile phone data for spatially fine-grained mobility research but also shows its weaknesses, namely the lack of personal information on important covariates such as age, gender, and education.
Inequality in leisure mobility: An analysis of activity space segregation spectra in the Stockholm conurbation
(ELSEVIER, 2023) Toger, Marina; Türk, Umut; Östh, John; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Türk, Umut
Leisure mobility forms an important part of people’s spatial activity and mobility spectrum. This study aims to analyse the inequality dimensions of spatial mobility of individuals who seek to move to recreational and leisure destinations (often ‘green’ and ‘blue’) on designated days. The study traces – through the use of spatially dependent multilevel models – the mobility patterns of people from the greater Stockholm area, using individual pseudonymised mobile phone data and other publicly accessible data. We find significant socio-demographic inequalities in the observed residents’ spatial leisure choices, where less affluent groups display especially low variation in mobility when comparing between weekdays, weekends, vacation season and work-periods.
Leisure mobility changes during the COVID-19 pandemic – An analysis of survey and mobile phone data in Sweden
(ELSEVIER, 2023) Östh, John; Toger, Marina; Türk, Umut; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Türk, Umut
The COVID-19 pandemic affected travelling in general, and the leisure mobility and the spatial distribution of travellers in particular. In most parts of the world, both domestic and international travel has been replaced by restrictive policies and recommendations on mobility. A modal shift from public transport towards private cars and micro-mobility was also observed. This study seeks to trace the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for leisure mobility. We use a unique Swedish database containing daily mobility patterns of pseudonymised mobile phone users, combined with a survey on vacation transport behaviour. By contrasting mobility patterns for selected holiday days during the unaffected summer of 2019 with corresponding dates in 2020 and 2021, we are able to model and detect the pandemic effects on tourism and recreational mobility. Moreover, by identifying the general mobility patterns, we analyse whether and how the transport mode has changed. Using data on the spatial distribution of recreational amenities, we identify locations that were favoured during the pandemic. In Sweden, even though the pandemic decreased in spread and severity during the summers, most travel restrictions were still enforced, international vacations uncommon, and larger vacation spots, such as amusement parks and cultural institutions, were closed down. Swedish vacation homes in remote or rural areas were quickly booked. This change in recreational behaviour, where less populated areas, open air and nature recreation were favoured over indoor or crowded urban cultural activities, was more substantial in 2021 than in 2020. This result shows how policies can effectively be developed, so that Swedes respond properly to recommendations and adjust their vacation plans. © 2023 The Authors
Rural Feet Voting of Leisure Explorers
(WILEY Online Library, 2025) Turk, Umut; Toger, Marina; Osth, John; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
In the COVID-19 period, spatial leisure behavior, often driven by the desire to escape urban life, reflected health and environmental concerns. This study examines how pandemic-induced spatial motives and changes impacted disparities in leisure mobility, specifically urban-to-rural tourism, in Sweden. Analyzing pre-pandemic, during pandemic, and post-pandemic periods, using anonymized mobile phone and socioeconomic data, the paper explores urban-rural leisure mobility variations. Despite a decline in professional geographical mobility, mainly of people in affluent urban areas, due to remote work, the spatial leisure activities remained rather stable? Our findings, based on a negative binomial regression analysis, reveal also exacerbated socioeconomic segregation in recreational trips. The disruption in mobility accessibility due to COVID-19 appears to amplify existing socioeconomic disparities, notably in urban-to-rural leisure travel. Our research sheds new light on the widening gap in geographical leisure activities, emphasizing the need for equitable access to nonurban destinations.
Using Individualised HDI Measures for Predicting Educational Performance of Young Students-A Swedish Case Study
(MDPIST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2021) Turk, Umut; Osth, John; Toger, Marina; Kourtit, Karima; 0000-0002-8440-7048; AGÜ, Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ekonomi Bölümü; Turk, Umut
HDI is a frequently used quantitative index of human potential and welfare, developed as a comprehensive measure for the cross-sectional and temporal comparison of socioeconomic performance. The HDI is a standardised quantitative estimation of welfare comprising indicators of health, knowledge and standard of living, enabling assessment over countries, regions or time periods, in case of limited data access. The index highlights critical conditions for equity and socioeconomic development outside the group of stakeholders and researchers. The HDI provides a learning potential that may be harnessed to enhance insights into the magnitude of human potential at super-local levels. In this paper we design, implement and test the validity of a super-local variant of HDI in the context of pedagogical performance of young pupils. We compare whether HDI is a good predictor for school grades among all ninth-grade students in Sweden during the year 2014. Our results show that a super-local HDI index is performing equal to or better than the one related to standard measures of human potential, while the index can be generated on individual levels using k-nearest neighbour approaches during the index creation process.