Ruwaih, Mohammed AbbasSoheyli, EhsanNaji, JalilMutlugun, EvrenKikhavani, TavanSahraei, Reza2025-09-252025-09-2520250167-577X1873-4979https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2025.138615https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12573/3594Soheyli, Ehsan/0000-0002-1403-7934; Sahraei, Reza/0000-0001-7104-2126The presented study introduces optimized blue-emissive carbon dots (CDs) with high photoluminescence efficiency up to 65 % at 416 nm, large Stokes shift (69 nm), and full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 73 nm. Xray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of carbon-based bonds as the main component of CDs, with reliable amounts of O, S, and N as dopant components. These features, along with single-exponential time-decay profile at long average lifetime of 10.05 ns, supported the significant role of uniformly distributed mid-gap energy levels in the recombination process. The simplicity, low-cost, non-toxicity, and short reaction time of CDs, along with their excellent emission properties in the deep-blue region, make them suitable for use in environmental monitoring and high-contrast bioimaging.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessCarbon DotsDeep-Blue EmissionHigh Quantum EfficiencyUniform Energy LevelsArticle10.1016/j.matlet.2025.1386152-s2.0-105003101435